Table 5.
Factors associated with uncontrolled blood pressure over one year of follow-up among individuals with hypertension on at least one antihypertensive medication at baseline.
| Overall n = 158 |
*Controlled n = 30 |
**Uncontrolled n = 128 |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Median age (IQR) |
51.0 (44, 57) |
51.5 (44, 55) |
51.0 (44, 57.5) | 0.838 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 105 (66.5%) | 19 (63.3%) | 86 (67.2%) | 0.687 |
| Median years on antiretroviral therapy (IQR) | 6.9 (4.8, 9.0) |
8.7 (5.4, 9.8) |
6.8 (4.5, 8.9) |
0.094 |
| Highest level education completed, n (%) | ||||
| Primary school or less | 84 (53.2%) | 18 (60.0%) | 66 (51.6%) | 0.645 |
| Secondary | 45 (28.5%) | 8 (26.7%) | 37 (28.9%) | |
| Beyond secondary | 29 (18.4%) | 4 (13.3%) | 25 (19.5%) | |
| Cigarette smokinga, n (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | n/a |
| Alcohol useb, n (%) | 9 (5.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 9 (7.0%) | 0.135 |
| Sedentary lifestylec, n (%) | 33 (20.9%) | 5 (16.7%) | 28 (21.9%) | 0.528 |
| Daily added salt to dietd, n (%) | 151 (95.6%) | 29 (96.7%) | 122 (95.3%) | 0.746 |
| Average antihypertensive non-adherence scoree | 0.54 | 0.22 | 0.61 | 0.009 |
| Mean Body Mass Index kg/m2 (IQR) |
25.5 (21.9, 29.4) |
27.1 (22.9, 30.6) |
25.4 (21.1, 29.4) |
0.334 |
| Undetectable viral load copies within 12 months of baseline visit (<1,000 copies/mL), n (%)f | 64 (97.0%) | 11 (100%) | 53 (96.4%) | 0.521 |
| Diabetesg, n (%) | 10 (6.3%) | 2 (6.7%) | 8 (6.3%) | 0.906 |
| Refilled at PIHh, n (%) | 114 (72.2%) | 23 (76.7%) | 91 (71.1%) | 0.540 |
* Controlled: blood pressure (<140 systolic and <90 mm Hg diastolic) at every visit or with only a single visit with elevated blood pressure above this level during one year of follow-up.
** Uncontrolled: ≥2 visits during the one year of follow-up with a blood pressure ≥140 systolic and/or ≥90 mm Hg diastolic.
a Based on self-report of current tobacco smoking, regardless of duration or number of cigarettes per day.
b Alcohol use defined as any ‘yes’ response to survey question ‘Do you drink alcohol?,’ regardless of frequency or quantity.
c Sedentary lifestyle defined as spending more than half of the day seated during typical days in the past month.
d Based on self-report of adding salt to food on a daily basis.
e Higher score indicates a higher level of non-adherence over the one year of follow-up; score can range from 0–3. Average weekly adherence to antihypertensive medication since last visit was self-reported at each visit and scored as follows: 0 points for missing medications less than once per week; 1 point for missing medication once per week; 2 points for missing medication two to three times per week; and 3 points for missing medication more than three times per week. Non-adherence score calculated as mean number of points per respondent across all follow-up visits.
f Among 66 people with recent viral load available.
g Self-reported.
h Refilled ≥1 time at PIH during follow-up (compared to never at PIH).