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. 2021 Nov 12;12:765906. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.765906

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Copyright © 2021 Kouakanou, Peters, Brown, Kabelitz and Wang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Immunomodulatory functions of Vitamin C. (A) Mechanisms of action of Vitamin C; VitC exerts an immune-modulatory effect on immune cells through two main mechanisms, antioxidant activity and epigenetic modulation (by providing ferrous iron to the TET enzymes, which maintains them in their fully catalytic form, thereby ensuring an active DNA demethylation). (B) Effects of Vitamin C on immune cells with anti-tumor functions. VitC exerts both direct and indirect effects on NK, αβ and γδ T cells by modulating their proliferation, differentiation, and effector functions. AA, ascorbic acid; DHA, dehydroascorbic acid; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, glutathione disulfide: SVCTs, sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters: GLUTs, glucose transporters: TETs, ten-eleven translocation enzymes; ROS, reactive oxygen species; 5mC, 5-methylcytosine; 5hmC, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine.