Table 1.
Distribution of demographics and potential covariates by ARB colonization status (±), from the microbiome study sample of the Survey of the Health of Wisconsin 2016–2017
| Exposure (continuous) | TotalN | ARB–GM (SE) | ARB+GM (SE) | P for trend | Health (categorical) | TotalN | ARB–n (%) | ARB+n (%) | χ2 P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urinary Pb (µg/L) | 695 | 0.27 (1.0) | 0.32 (1.1) | 0.240a | Smoking | 684 | 0.899 | ||
| Demographics (categorical) | N | n (%) | n (%) | χ2 P value | Current | 93 | 61 (65.6) | 32 (34.4) | |
| Age | 695 | 0.219 | Former | 205 | 138 (67.3) | 67 (32.7) | |||
| 18–29 | 58 | 42 (72.4) | 16 (27.6) | Never | 386 | 253 (65.5) | 133 (34.5) | ||
| 30–49 | 172 | 118 (68.6) | 54 (31.4) | Antibiotic Use | 652 | 0.749 | |||
| 50–69 | 338 | 221 (65.4) | 117 (34.6) | Yes | 227 | 154 (67.8) | 73 (32.2) | ||
| ≥70 | 127 | 75 (59.1) | 52 (40.9) | No | 425 | 283 (66.6) | 142 (33.4) | ||
| Gender | 695 | 0.734 | BMI | 689 | 0.518 | ||||
| Female | 398 | 259 (65.1) | 139 (34.9) | Underweight/normal | 165 | 112 (67.9) | 53 (32.1) | ||
| Male | 297 | 197 (66.3) | 100 (33.7) | Overweight/obese | 524 | 341 (65.1) | 183 (34.9) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | 694 | 0.014 | Residence (categorical) | N | n (%) | n (%) | χ2 P value | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 576 | 386 (67.0) | 190 (33.0) | Indoor pet | 692 | 0.109 | |||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 70 | 34 (48.6) | 36 (51.4) | Yes | 378 | 258 (68.3) | 120 (31.7) | ||
| Hispanic | 24 | 18 (75.0) | 6 (25.0) | No | 314 | 196 (62.4) | 118 (37.6) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Other | 24 | 17 (70.8) | 7 (29.2) | Urbanicity | 694 | 0.847 | |||
| Family income | 695 | 0.866 | Urban | 459 | 299 (65.1) | 160 (34.9) | |||
| Low income | 204 | 133 (65.2) | 71 (34.8) | Suburban | 76 | 52 (68.4) | 24 (31.6) | ||
| Middle income | 220 | 142 (64.5) | 78 (35.5) | Rural | 159 | 105 (66.0) | 54 (34.0) | ||
| High income | 271 | 181 (66.8) | 90 (33.2) | Length of residence (years) | 687 | 0.769 | |||
| Education | 694 | 0.640 | <1 | 62 | 44 (71.0) | 18 (29.0) | |||
| ≤High school | 187 | 122 (65.2) | 65 (34.8) | 1–3 | 105 | 68 (64.8) | 37 (35.2) | ||
| Some college | 246 | 167 (67.9) | 79 (32.1) | 3–10 | 145 | 97 (66.9) | 48 (33.1) | ||
| ≥Bachelor’s degree | 261 | 167 (64.0) | 94 (36.0) | >10 | 375 | 242 (64.5) | 133 (35.5) | ||
| Diet (continuous) | N | Mean ± SE | Mean ± SE | P for trend | |||||
| Dietary iron (mg/1,000 kcal) | 614 | 7.5 ± 0.1 | 7.7 ± 0.2 | 0.351 | |||||
| Dietary calcium (mg/1,000 kcal) | 614 | 753.8 ± 23.9 | 758.1 ± 34.9 | 0.918 | |||||
| Dietary fiber (g/1,000 kcal) | 614 | 11.0 ± 0.2 | 10.8 ± 0.3 | 0.626 | |||||
| Dietary vitamin C (mg/1,000 kcal) | 614 | 58.4 ± 1.9 | 64.2 ± 2.8 | 0.068 | |||||
Categorical distribution statistics calculated using frequency tables adjusted for household clustering, including P values from the χ2 statistic. Continuous covariate statistics calculated including adjustment for household clustering, including P for trend.
aP for trend calculated using Log Pb, adjusted for creatinine.
GM, geometric mean; N, n, number of observations; Pb, lead; SE, standard error.