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The signalling cascades of ATM and ATR. ATM and ATR activate their distinct key mediator, CHK2 and CHK1 respectively, in response to respective DNA damage, and through various downstream substrates (p53, BRAC, Cdc25A, Cdc25c), which are commonly shared among these kinases, execute their respective functions to maintain the genomic integrity of cells. ATR and ATM may interconvert depending on the cellular content and the type of DNA damage to compensate for one another.
