Table 3.
Bivariate Analysis of Factors Associated with Avoidance of Emergency Rooms When Needed for Trans Participants in the OutLook Study
| Variable |
Bivariate associations |
|
|---|---|---|
| Predisposing | OR (95% CI) | p |
| Age (continuous) | 0.082 | |
| Per 1-year increase | 0.95 (0.89–1.01) | |
| Gender spectrum | 0.911 | |
| MTF spectrum (born male) | 1.06 (0.39–2.90) | |
| FTM spectrum (born female) | Ref. | |
| Transition status | 0.018 | |
| Complete | 6.77 (1.59–28.72) | |
| In process | 5.52 (1.44–21.14) | |
| Planning not begun | 4.83 (1.23–18.98) | |
| Not sure, not planning, not relevant | Ref. | |
| Birth country | 0.308 | |
| Born in Canada | Ref. | |
| Born outside Canada | 0.32 (0.04–2.88) | |
| Ethnoracial background | 0.918 | |
| Non-White | 0.93 (0.21–4.10) | |
| White | Ref. | |
| Sexual orientation | 0.615 | |
| Gay/lesbian | Ref. | |
| Bisexual/queer | 2.18 (0.39–12.25) | |
| Straight/asexual/not sure/other | 1.58 (0.27–9.31) | |
| Enabling | ||
| Geographic location | 0.421 | |
| Kitchener | Ref. | |
| Cambridge | 0.65 (0.19–2.89) | |
| Waterloo | 0.38 (0.11–1.21) | |
| Outside cities | 1.28 (0.08–21.86) | |
| Regular primary care provider | 0.468 | |
| No | 0.54 (0.10–2.87) | |
| Yes | Ref. | |
| Educational attainment | 0.037 | |
| High school graduate or less | 5.42 (1.43–20.47) | |
| Some post-secondary | 4.17 (1.07–16.28) | |
| Post-secondary graduate | Ref. | |
| Employment | 0.083 | |
| Employed full time | Ref. | |
| Employed part time | 1.77 (0.39–8.00) | |
| Not employed | 3.34 (0.87–12.82) | |
| On disability | 7.44 (1.44–38.41) | |
| Income | 0.475 | |
| Would rather not say | 1.00 (0.21–4.77) | |
| Below $20,000 | 1.44 (0.44–4.66) | |
| $20,000–$49,999 | 2.67 (0.74–9.59) | |
| >$50,000 | Ref. | |
| Relationship status | 0.287 | |
| Single | Ref. | |
| In a monogamous relationship | 1.60 (0.41–6.19) | |
| In a non-monogamous/polyamorous relationship | 2.64 (0.77–9.00) | 0.496 |
| Marital status | ||
| Married/living in common-law | Ref. | |
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 1.00 (0.08–12.56) | |
| Never married | 2.00 (0.57–7.01) | |
| Protective factors | ||
| Social support (family) | 0.019 | |
| For every one-point increase | 0.69 (0.50–0.94) | |
| Social support (friends) | 0.305 | |
| For every one-point increase | 0.85 (0.59–1.21) | |
| Social support (special person) | 0.069 | |
| For every one-point increase | 0.71 (0.48–1.03) | |
| Self-esteem | 0.208 | |
| For every one-point increase | 0.94 (0.85–1.04) | |
| Discriminatory factors | ||
| Transphobia | <0.001 | |
| For every one-point increase | 1.25 (1.11–1.40) | |
| Prior experiences of silent harassment due to gender | 0.036 | |
| No | Ref. | |
| Yes | 5.35 (1.12–25.66) | |
| Prior experiences of verbal harassment due to gender | 0.003 | |
| No | Ref. | |
| Yes | 6.00 (1.81–19.93) | |
| Prior experiences of physical violence due to gender | 0.021 | |
| No | Ref. | |
| Yes | 3.89 (1.22–12.32) | |
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.