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. 2021 Dec 10;16(12):e0261246. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261246

Table 2. TB development in people with and without DM and influence of confounders.

OR (95%CI) 95% Prediction interval N Studies N LRTI cases N controls H (95%CI) I2 (95%CI) P heterogeneity P Egger test
Cohort studies
Overall 1.9 [1.5–2.4] [0.8–4.4] 10 430617 3252383 4.2 [3.4–5.2] 94.3 [91.5–96.2] < 0.001 0.417
Low risk of bias 1.6 [1.4–1.7] [1.1–2.2] 7 414459 2424452 2.9 [2.1–4] 88.2 [78.2–93.7] < 0.001 0.496
Asbestosis 1.6 [1.5–1.7] NA 1 22256 89024 NA NA 1 NA
Autoimmune disorders 1.3 [1.2–1.5] NA 1 49903 49903 NA NA 1 NA
Bet nut use 2.4 [1.8–3.1] NA 1 11260 110782 NA NA 1 NA
Chronic kidney disease 1.8 [1.7–1.9] NA 1 52820 766231 NA NA 1 NA
HIV infection 1.5 [1.3–1.7] NA 2 72159 138927 2.3 [1.1–4.7] 81 [19.2–95.6] 0.022 NA
Male gender 1.8 [1.2–2.5] [0.3–9.4] 4 83798 195379 2.6 [1.7–4.1] 85.4 [63.9–94.1] < 0.001 0.377
Malignant disease 1.8 [1.7–1.8] NA 2 59264 801903 1.4 49 0.161 NA
Pneumoconiosis 1.6 [1.5–1.7] NA 1 22256 89024 NA NA 1 NA
Age 1.5 [1.3–1.7] NA 2 72159 138927 2.3 [1.1–4.7] 81 [19.2–95.6] 0.022 NA
Case control studies
Overall 2.4 [2–2.9] [1–5.5] 23 40094 269938 3.8 [3.3–4.4] 93 [90.8–94.7] < 0.001 0.093
Low risk of bias 2.2 [1.7–2.9] [0.8–6.2] 13 28831 144497 2.6 [2.1–3.3] 85.4 [76.6–90.9] < 0.001 0.05
Adenotonsillectomy 1.6 [1.5–1.7] NA 1 11366 45464 NA NA 1 NA
Central sewage system 1.9 [1–3.5] NA 1 300 300 NA NA 1 NA
Chronic kidney disease 1.9 [1.4–2.6] [0.3–14] 3 710 814 1.7 [1–3.1] 64.7 [0–89.9] 0.059 0.271
Co_morbidity 1.9 [1–3.5] NA 1 300 300 NA NA 1 NA
Currently rent home 11.8 [2.6–54.1] NA 1 110 214 NA NA 1 NA
Drinker 3.2 [2.9–3.5] [2.5–3.9] 4 5850 38388 1.2 [1–1.9] 26.3 [0–72.1] 0.254 0.101
Drug user 3.8 [1.8–7.9] [0–16592.3] 3 1012 1488 2.2 [1.2–3.9] 79.5 [34.7–93.5] 0.008 0.916
Ever injected heroin 8.8 [4.2–18.2] NA 1 562 1038 NA NA 1 NA
Ever smoked heroin 8.8 [4.2–18.2] NA 1 562 1038 NA NA 1 NA
Ever used opium 8.8 [4.2–18.2] NA 1 562 1038 NA NA 1 NA
Extra pulmonary lesion 1.8 [1.2–2.5] NA 1 300 300 NA NA 1 NA
Family history of diabetes mellitus 3 [0.7–12] NA 1 50 50 NA NA 1 NA
Hepatitis C infection, Anti_HCV 11.8 [2.6–54.1] NA 1 110 214 NA NA 1 NA
HIV infection 1.5 [1.3–1.8] [0.5–4.6] 3 3360 14761 2 [1.1–3.6] 74.9 [16.8–92.4] 0.019 0.277
Hyperlipidaemia 1.6 [1.5–1.6] NA 1 10168 40672 NA NA 1 NA
Illicit drug use 1.9 [1–3.5] NA 1 300 300 NA NA 1 NA
Immunosuppressive therapy 1.9 [1–3.5] NA 1 300 300 NA NA 1 NA
Living in a crowded home 4.6 [2.6–7.8] NA 1 454 556 NA NA 1 NA
Male gender 2.1 [1.6–2.7] [0.9–4.9] 10 26090 117338 2.1 [1.5–2.8] 77.2 [58.2–87.6] < 0.001 0.036
Malignant disease 1.8 [1.2–2.5] NA 1 300 300 NA NA 1 NA
Marital status, Single 2.1 [1.5–3.1] NA 2 953 500 1.1 17.3 0.272 NA
Other chronic diseases 1.9 [1–3.5] NA 1 300 300 NA NA 1 NA
Pancreatitis 2.4 [1–5.7] NA 1 151 545 NA NA 1 NA
Physical activity 3 [0.7–12] NA 1 50 50 NA NA 1 NA
Poly_drug resistant 1.8 [1.2–2.5] NA 1 300 300 NA NA 1 NA
Previous hospitalizations 1.9 [1–3.5] NA 1 300 300 NA NA 1 NA
Prisoners 1.9 [1–3.5] NA 1 300 300 NA NA 1 NA
Smoke Exposure 2.5 [2–3.3] [1.4–4.4] 4 702 16807 1 [1–1.5] 0 [0–53.1] 0.806 0.86
Transplantation 1.9 [1–3.5] NA 1 300 300 NA NA 1 NA
Age 2.4 [1.6–3.7] [0.6–10.1] 5 4756 15561 2.9 [2–4.3] 88.5 [75.8–94.5] < 0.001 0.393
Cigarettes smoked in a week 8.8 [4.2–18.2] NA 1 562 1038 NA NA 1 NA
Cross sectional studies
Overall 2.5 [1.8–3.5] [0.6–9.7] 16 33049 74524 4.6 [3.9–5.3] 95.2 [93.5–96.5] < 0.001 0.058
Low risk of bias 2.4 [1.6–3.5] [0.5–11.4] 12 30309 41171 5.2 [4.4–6.1] 96.3 [94.8–97.3] < 0.001 0.15
Anemia 1.1 [0.6–1.9] NA 1 91 316 NA NA 1 NA
Atrial fibrillation 1 [0.7–1.3] NA 1 404 359 NA NA 1 NA
Autoimmune disorders 2.1 [0.9–4.7] NA 2 387 1038 3.7 [2–6.7] 92.5 [74.7–97.8] < 0.001 NA
Bronchial asthma 1 [0.7–1.3] NA 1 404 359 NA NA 1 NA
Bronchiectasis 3.2 [2.1–5] NA 1 264 438 NA NA 1 NA
Chronic kidney disease 1.9 [0.7–4.6] NA 2 700 1081 5.4 [3.3–8.9] 96.6 [90.9–98.7] < 0.001 NA
Chronic liver disease 1 [0.7–1.3] NA 1 404 359 NA NA 1 NA
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 1 [0.7–1.3] NA 1 404 359 NA NA 1 NA
Drinker 5 [2.6–9.6] NA 2 1873 16536 2.6 [1.3–5.3] 85.5 [41.6–96.4] 0.009 NA
Gout 1 [0.7–1.3] NA 1 404 359 NA NA 1 NA
Health care worker 3.6 [2.5–5.2] NA 1 296 722 NA NA 1 NA
Hemodialysis patients 1.9 [0.9–4.1] NA 2 355 754 3.1 [1.6–5.9] 89.5 [60.9–97.2] 0.002 NA
Hepatitis B infection, HBsAg 2.5 [1.3–4.8] [0.2–29.5] 5 2315 8153 4.5 [3.4–6] 95.1 [91.2–97.3] < 0.001 0.597
Hepatitis C infection, Anti_HCV 3.5 [1.5–7.8] [0–71340.3] 3 1346 4497 4.8 [3.3–7.1] 95.7 [90.7–98] < 0.001 0.811
HIV infection 5.2 [3.1–8.7] NA 2 517 1195 2.8 [1.4–5.6] 87.6 [51.8–96.8] 0.005 NA
Ischaemic heart disease 1 [0.7–1.3] NA 1 404 359 NA NA 1 NA
Liver cirrhosis 2.1 [0.9–4.7] NA 2 387 1038 3.7 [2–6.7] 92.5 [74.7–97.8] < 0.001 NA
Living in a crowded home 2.9 [1.6–5.4] NA 1 1652 16063 NA NA 1 NA
Male gender 2.5 [1.6–4] [0.5–11.9] 7 3841 24363 3.1 [2.3–4.2] 89.9 [81.7–94.4] < 0.001 0.883
Malignant disease 2.6 [1.6–4.3] [0.3–22.7] 4 680 2203 2.2 [1.4–3.6] 79.8 [46.4–92.4] 0.002 0.962
Osteoarthritis 1 [0.7–1.3] NA 1 404 359 NA NA 1 NA
Residence in an indigenous community  2.9 [1.6–5.4] NA 1 1652 16063 NA NA 1 NA
Self_reported history of renal failure 7.2 [5.4–9.5] NA 1 919 1113 NA NA 1 NA
Smoke Exposure 3 [1.8–5.2] [0.4–22.9] 5 2825 20871 3.1 [2.2–4.5] 89.8 [79–95] < 0.001 0.467
Syphilis 7.5 [5.3–10.8] NA 1 221 473 NA NA 1 NA
Thyroid disorder 1 [0.7–1.3] NA 1 404 359 NA NA 1 NA
Total Bilirubin (mg_dL), Not Normal 2 [1.4–3] NA 2 1661 6594 2.6 [1.3–5.3] 85.4 [40.9–96.4] 0.009 NA
Age 2.3 [1.5–3.6] NA 2 216 917 1.3 41.1 0.193 NA
Body mass index 7.5 [5.3–10.8] NA 1 221 473 NA NA 1 NA
Dialysis duration 1.8 [0.8–4.2] NA 2 120 1043 2.4 [1.1–4.8] 82 [23.9–95.7] 0.018 NA
Hemoglobin 1.1 [1–1.3] NA 1 6382 6675 NA NA 1 NA