TABLE 1.
The anticancer activities and the underlying mechanisms of alantolactone in vitro.
| Cancers | Cell lines | Modulated factors | Biological effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liver cancer | HepG2 cells | Bcl-2, caspase-3, STAT3 | Inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing G2/M phase arrest | Khan et al. (2013) |
| Bcl-2, NF-κB, p53, Bax, caspase-3/8/9, t-Bid | Lei et al. (2012) | |||
| p21, cyclin A1 cyclin B1, caspase-3, PARP | Kang et al. (2019) | |||
| Colorectal cancer | SW480 and SW1116 cells, non-cancer BEAS-2B and L-O2 cells | Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, p21 | Inducing G1 cell cycle arrest, inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation | Ding et al. (2016) |
| Murine CT26-FL3 cells, Murine breast cancer 4T1 cells | Bcl-2, Bcl-xL | Zhang et al. (2019a) | ||
| HCT116 and RKO cells | JNK, p38, MAPK, Ki-67 | Cao et al. (2019) | ||
| HCT-8, L02, HEK 293 T cells | Cripto-1, ActRIIA, activin, SMAD3, p21 | Shi et al. (2011) | ||
| RKO cells | MMP, Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3/9, cytochrome c | Zhang et al. (2013) | ||
| Breast cancer | McF-7 cells | Bcl-2, Bcl-2-associated X protein, p53, p65, caspase-3, caspase-12, MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, p38, MAPK, NF-κB, Nrf2 | Inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, inhibiting motility, migration and tube formation, causing cell cycle arrest | Liu et al. (2018a) |
| HUVECs, MDA-MB-231 cells | VEGFR2phosphorylation, PLCγ1, FAK, Src, Akt | Liu et al. (2018b) | ||
| Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells | Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, CyclinB1, Cdc2, ATF4, CHOP, ki-67 | Yin et al. (2019) | ||
| MDA-MB-231, MCF-7 cells | Bax/Bcl-2, MMP, cytochrome c, caspase 9/3, PARP, MAPKs, p-NF-κB, p65, p-STAT3, NF-κB, AP-1, STAT3 | Cui et al. (2018) | ||
| STAT3, MAPKs, NF-κB, IL-6, EGFR, cyclin D1, c-Rel, p65, p50, JNK/AP-1 | Chun et al. (2015) | |||
| Lung cancer | NCI-H1299 and Anip973 cells | Bcl-2, MMP-9, MMP-7, and MMP-2, β-actin, p38MAPK, NF-κB | Inducing cell apoptosis, suppressing migration, invasion, and colony formation, inhibiting cell proliferation | Liu et al. (2019) |
| SK-MES-1 cells | Caspases-8, -9, -3, PARP, Bcl-2, Bax, CDK4, CDK6, cyclin D3, cyclin D1, p21, p27 | Zhao et al. (2015) | ||
| A549 cells and NcI-H520 cells | Xiap, survivin, caspase-9, caspase-3, PARP, ATF4, eIF2α, CHOP, Bcl-2, Bax, STAT3, iNOS, COX-2, MMP-9 | Maryam et al. (2017) | ||
| PI3K/Akt, ER, p21, cyclin A2 | Wang et al. (2019a) | |||
| Leukemia | HL-60 cells | Cytochrome c, Bax, caspase-3, PARP | Inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing cell cycle arrest | Pal et al. (2010) |
| THP-1 cells | STAT-3, survivin, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bax, cl-caspase-3, cl-PARP, cytochrome c | Ahmad et al. (2021) | ||
| K562 and K562r cells | NF-κB, p65 Bcr/Abl protein, caspase-3, PARP-1 | Wei et al. (2013) | ||
| CML blast cells | ||||
| BV173 and NALM6 cells | AP2M1, Beclin1, LC3-II/LC3-1, p62, Bax, cleaved caspase 3, cytochrome C, Bcl-2 | Shi et al. (2020) | ||
| B-ALL cell lines | PARP-1, capase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, NF-κB, BCR-ABL, EGFR | Xu et al. (2019b) | ||
| Pancreatic cancer | MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells | TFEB, CTSB/CTSD | Inducing apoptosis, improving chemosensitivity, inhibiting proliferation, inhibiting migration | He et al. (2018) |
| BxPC-3, AsPC-1, and PANC-1 cell lines | STAT3 | Zheng et al. (2019) | ||
| PANC-1 and SW1990 cells | Caspase 3/7, Bak, Bcl-2, Mcl-1, XIAP, STAT3 | Yan et al. (2020) | ||
| Gastric cancer | SGC-7901 and BGC-823 cells | TrxR1, p38MAPK, p38, Ki-67, Bcl-2 | Inhibiting proliferation, inducing apoptosis | He et al. (2019a) |
| Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved PARP, cyclin D1, p21, p27, AKT, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B | Zhang and Zhang (2019) | |||
| Bax, Bcl-2, p53, MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, NF-κB, p38MAPK, p65 | He et al. (2019b) | |||
| Cervical cancer | HeLa cells | Bcl-2, Bax | Inhibiting proliferation, inducing apoptosis | Jiang et al. (2016) |
| Caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, NF-κB | Zhang et al. (2019b) | |||
| TrxR, caspase 3 | Zhang et al. (2019a) | |||
| Glioblastoma | U87 and U251 cells | IKKβ/NF-κB, p50, p65, p300, COX-2, cytochrome c, cyclin D1, CDK4, MMP-2, MMP-9, caspase-3/9, PARP, Bax, Bcl-2 | Inhibiting cell growth, inducing apoptosis | Khan et al. (2012), Wang et al. (2017) |
| Osteosarcoma | U2OS and HOS cells | PI3K/AKT, cyclin D1, p27, Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved caspase-3/8, MMP-2, MMP-9 | Inhibiting proliferation, promoting apoptosis | Zhang et al. (2019c) |
| Multiple myeloma | RPMI8226, NCI-H929, IM9, MM1R, MM1S, OPM2 and U266 cells | ERK1/2, IL-6, VEGF, caspase-3/8/9, Bcl-2, Bax, survivin, cyclin D, cyclin E, CDK 2, CDK 4, MAPK | Inhibiting proliferation, inducing G1 phase arrest, inducing apoptosis | Yao et al. (2015) |