TABLE 2.

The anticancer activities and the underlying mechanisms of alantolactone in vivo.

Cancers	Animals	Modulated factors	Biological effects	References
Colorectal cancer	Six-week-old female Balb/c mice female sprague-dawley rats	HMGB1, CRT, MHCII, CD86, macrophages, MDSCs, TNF-α, IFN-γ	Promoting antitumor response, suppressing cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis	Zhang et al. (2019a)
	Five-week-old female athymic BALB/c mice	JNK, p38, MAPK, Ki-67		Cao et al. (2019)
Breast cancer	Chick embryo CAM BALB/c nude mice	VEGFR2phosphorylation, PLCγ1, FAK, Src, Akt	Inducing apoptosis, causing cell cycle arrest suppressing growth of xenograft tumors	Liu et al. (2018b)
	MDA-MB-231 xenografts in nude mice	Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, cyclinB1, Cdc2, ATF4, CHOP, ki-67		Yin et al. (2019)
	Female athymic BALB/c nude mice	STAT3, MAPKs, NF-κB, IL-6, EGFR, cyclin D1, c-Rel, p65, p50, JNK/AP-1		Chun et al. (2015)
Leukemia	BV173 xenograft nude mouse model	AP2M1, Beclin1, LC3-II/LC3-1, p62, Bax, cleaved caspase 3, cytochrome C, Bcl-2	Inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, inducing cell cycle arrest	Shi et al. (2020)
	B-ALL mice model (NOD-SCID mice)	PARP-1, capase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, NF-κB, BCR-ABL, EGFR		Xu et al. (2019b)
Pancreatic cancer	Female nude BALB/c mice	TFEB, CTSB/CTSD	Inducing apoptosis, improving chemosensitivity	He et al. (2018)
	Female Wild-type BALB/c mice	STAT3		Zheng et al. (2019)
Gastric cancer	Athymic BALB/c nu/nu female mice	TrxR1, p38MAPK, p38, Ki-67, Bcl-2	Inhibiting proliferation, inducing apoptosis	He et al. (2019a)
Glioblastoma	BALB/c nu/nu male nude mice	IKKβ/NF-κB, p50, p65, p300, COX-2, cytochrome c, cyclin D1, CDK4, MMP-2, MMP-9, caspase-3/9, PARP, Bax, Bcl-2	Inhibiting cell growth, inducing apoptosis	Khan et al. (2012), Wang et al. (2017)