Table 3.
Processing and antibacterial activity of SFBs combined with inherently antimicrobial polymers and peptides for different biomedical applications
| Antimicrobial additive (polymers and peptides) | Other additive(s) | Synthesis method | Content | Antimicrobial capability | Application | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) | ----- | LBL CMC coating on electrospun SF nanofibers |
1mg/ml (1–21 layers) | RE (12 h) and SEM: E. coli (64%) S. aureus (67%) |
TE | [131] |
| Chitosan (CS) | Egg shell membrane (ESM) | CS/SF/ESM hydrogels | 2% w/v | ZOI (time N/A): E. coli (39 mm) Candida albicans (42 mm) |
Cartilage TE | [132] |
| Chitosan (CS) | Nylon6 (N6) | LBL deposition of CS and SF on N6 nanofibrous mats | 1 mg/mL (5–20 layers) | RE (16 h) E. coli and S. aureus (> 95%) |
Pelvic floor reconstruction | [133] |
| Chitosan (CS) | Heparin | Heparinized SF blended with CS | 2% w/v | Significant inhibitory effect on S. aureus proliferation compared to samples without CS. |
Blood contacting devices | [134] |
| Chitosan (CS) | Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) | UV-crosslinked methacrylated SF NPs with CS | 6 wt% | RE (24 h): E. coli (83%) S. aureus (67%) |
Articular Cartilage TE | [135] |
| Chitosan (CS) | Polycaprolactone (PCL) Heparin (Hep) |
LBL deposition of Hep/CS on PCL/SF nanofibers | 1mg/ml (1–10 layers) | RE (16 h): E. coli and S. aureus (up to 95%) |
Vascular grafts | [136] |
| Chitosan (CS) | ----- | Electrospining | CS/SF blend fibers: (80/20); (50/50); (20/80); (0/100) | Turbidity test (24 h): E. coli (increased antibacterial activity with increased CS content) |
Wound dressing | [137] |
| Chitosan (CS) | ------ | Freeze-dried CS/SF scaffolds | The SF/CS blend ratios: 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 | Turbidity test (24 h): S. aureus (higher antibacterial activity of 1:2 and 1:3 samples) SEM (24 h): S. aureus (fewer adherence on blended samples) |
TE | [138] |
| Chitosan (CS) | Rectorite (REC) | LBL deposition of CS and REC on SF electrospun mats | 16 CS and 15 REC layers (1 mg/mL) | RE (24 h): E. coli (84%) S. aureus, (92%) |
Bone TE | [139] |
| Chitosan (CS) | Polydopamine (PDA) | LBL CS/PDA coatings on SF nanofibers | 15 layers of CS (1 mg/mL) and PDA on 2 cm2 SF mats | RE (24 h): E. coli and S. aureus (~ 98%) |
General biomedical application | [140] |
| Chitosan (CS)/ Polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA NPs) | ----- | Freeze-dried SF/CS/PDA cryogels | ---- | Enhanced antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus (quantitative data N/A) |
Wound healing | [141] |
| Chitosan NPs (NCS) | Hyaluronic acid (HA) | Freeze-dried NCS/HA/SF scaffolds | 5% CS solution | ZOI (24 h): E. Coli (16 mm) Pseudomonas aureus (14 mm) |
TE | [142] |
| Chitooligosaccharide (COS) | ------ | Enzymatic grafting of COS onto SF membranes | ----- | RE (24 h): E. coli (87.62%) |
General biomedical application | [143] |
| Quaternized chitin | Polycaprolactone (PCL) | LBL deposition of QC and SF on SF/PCL electrospun mats | 7 layers of QC (1 wt%) | RE (5 h): Higher antibacterial activity against S. aureus than E. coli (93.63 ± 2.09%) a |
Skin TE | [144] |
| Polyethyleneimine | Polymethyl methacrylate | Electrospinning | 1% w/v | ZOI (24 h): P. aeruginosa (Diameter N/A) |
Dental applications | [145] |
| Polyethyleneimine | ----- | Electrospinning | 10, 20 and 30% w/w | Complete inhibition of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa growth after 5 h | Wound dressing | [108] |
| Poly(hexamethylene biguanide)hydrochloride (PHMB) | ----- | Freeze-dried SF/PHMB sponges | PHMB/SF ratios: (0/100–10/100) | ZOI (24 h): E. coli and S. aureus inhibition zone at >2/100 ratios (Diameter N/A) |
Wound healing | [110] |
| Polypropylene (PP) | ----- | PP grafted Muga SF sutures fabricated by argon plasma graft polymerization | ----- | ZOI (24 h): E. coli (35±0.01 mm) |
Suture | [109] |
| Human neutrophil defensin 2 (HNP-2), human neutrophil defensins 4 (HNP-4), and hepcidin fusion peptides | ----- | Cloning and fusing spider silk | 10, 50 and 100 μg/mL protein solutions | ZOI (24 h): E. coli and S. aureus (highest bactericidal activity for HNP-4 and lowest bactericidal activity for HNP-2) |
TE | [123] |
| 6mer-HNP1 antimicrobial peptide | ----- | Dip coating silk sutures (Perma-Hand®) | 2 wt% | CFU (24 h): MRSA (~1.5 log) E. coli (~2 log) |
Suture | [117] |
| HPRP-A2 antimicrobial peptide |
----- | Electrospinning | 0.01% (wt/v) | RE (18 h): E. coli (90.39%) P. aeruginosa (72.93 %) S. aureus (98.19 %) S. epidermidis (72.05 %) |
Wound Dressing | [118] |
| Antimicrobial peptide motif (Cys-KR12) | ----- | Cys-KR12 immobilization onto electrospun SF mats using EDC/NHS and thiol-maleimide click chemistry | 0.15–1.43 nmol per square centimeter | RE (4h): Strong antibacterial properties against S. epidermidis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa (>3 log) SEM: No biofilm formation after 24 h |
Wound healing | [120] |
| Cecropin B (CB) antimicrobial peptide | ----- | CB modified SF films by carbodiimide chemistry |
----- | RE (24 h): E. coli (93.5%) S. aureus (91.6%) |
Implantable biomaterials | [119] |
| L-Cysteine (L-Cys) | ----- | Covalent immobilization of L-Cys on SF knitted fabric | ----- | RE (24 h): High bactericidal efficiency against S. aureus at both acidic pH (78.4–89.3 %) and basic pH (77.3- 98.6 %) |
Skin disease management | [121] |
| ε-polylysine (ε-PLL) | ----- | enzymatic oxidization of SF with tyrosinase followed by coupling of ε-PLL | ----- | CFU (18 h): S. aureus (~1.97 log) |
General biomedical application | [122] |
| ε-polylysine (PLS) Chitosan (CS) | ----- | SF/PLS/CS bioadhesive composite | 10 wt% CS/PLS | ZOI (120 min): S. aureus (10.2 mm) E. coli (10.4 mm) |
Wound healing | [146] |
| Quaternary ammonium compound (QAC-K21) | ----- | Dip-coating silk suture strips | 5%, 10%, 20%, and 25% K-21 solutions | ZOI (12 d): Inhibition zone against P. gingivalis and E. faecalis for 25% solution |
Suture | [125] |