. 2020 Oct 29;167:114142. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2020.114142

Table 4.

Comparison of different segmentation methods with the Davies–Bouldin index values (Highlighted values denotes the acceptable values).

Image Id	Algorithm	No. of Clusters
Image Id	Algorithm	3	5	7	9
$I_{001}$	robust modified GA (Shayeghi et al., 2007)	1.46566084	1.74543298	2.90550813	1.166586138
	modified PSO (Sedghi et al., 2013)	1.27069619	1.71228711	2.75030941	2.271593017
	modified ACO (Zhu & Wang, 2016)	0.71499362	1.12138179	2.09958914	1.7088708
	modified cuckoo search (Chakraborty, Chatterjee, Dey, et al., 2017)	1.85023122	2.20605136	0.95728619	2.292252512
	SuFMoFPA (Proposed)	1.08842834	1.07747973	0.53539368	1.778431432
$I_{002}$	robust modified GA (Shayeghi et al., 2007)	1.62773175	1.31925593	2.40392655	1.191051933
	modified PSO (Sedghi et al., 2013)	2.57308165	2.63202031	3.11996996	2.123245072
	modified ACO (Zhu & Wang, 2016)	2.7662899	3.22557015	2.50463222	1.795131518
	modified cuckoo search (Chakraborty, Chatterjee, Dey, et al., 2017)	2.01832075	1.34648767	1.67138427	0.998082371
	SuFMoFPA (Proposed)	1.18390271	0.95679948	1.65405987	1.32410342
$I_{003}$	robust modified GA (Shayeghi et al., 2007)	1.91583123	1.1671004	1.03516035	1.828472656
	modified PSO (Sedghi et al., 2013)	1.85688108	1.07056686	1.107896	0.665328328
	modified ACO (Zhu & Wang, 2016)	1.09573718	0.9340154	1.61607886	1.566379073
	modified cuckoo search (Chakraborty, Chatterjee, Dey, et al., 2017)	0.53000143	0.66238182	1.34665728	1.212108295
	SuFMoFPA (Proposed)	0.95124587	2.2761225	1.82915305	1.349001333
$I_{004}$	robust modified GA (Shayeghi et al., 2007)	1.6600279	2.4451295	2.31047531	2.643031826
	modified PSO (Sedghi et al., 2013)	1.06648072	1.79694851	1.76383591	2.094111557
	modified ACO (Zhu & Wang, 2016)	1.50860621	0.85245887	1.02585668	1.901277409
	modified cuckoo search (Chakraborty, Chatterjee, Dey, et al., 2017)	2.99528813	1.34999352	1.13965062	0.737896183
	SuFMoFPA (Proposed)	1.71026086	0.76668142	1.31795642	1.64507146
$I_{005}$	robust modified GA (Shayeghi et al., 2007)	2.25838317	2.55455974	1.87962855	1.805648018
	modified PSO (Sedghi et al., 2013)	1.57623769	1.98474109	2.14412299	2.951422852
	modified ACO (Zhu & Wang, 2016)	1.47407174	2.01603748	1.36439983	2.404545846
	modified cuckoo search (Chakraborty, Chatterjee, Dey, et al., 2017)	1.38990864	3.86711577	2.1478699	1.830888571
	SuFMoFPA (Proposed)	1.81518141	1.09159251	1.66683998	2.989766006
$I_{006}$	robust modified GA (Shayeghi et al., 2007)	1.23138832	1.01014988	0.95618714	0.787057999
	modified PSO (Sedghi et al., 2013)	2.16222311	0.81622082	1.72504726	2.16507972
	modified ACO (Zhu & Wang, 2016)	0.80889272	1.66389743	1.5421688	1.835921993
	modified cuckoo search (Chakraborty, Chatterjee, Dey, et al., 2017)	0.43185735	1.29048782	0.50438778	0.682941573
	SuFMoFPA (Proposed)	1.17476198	0.98550436	1.31757186	0.335980865
$I_{007}$	robust modified GA (Shayeghi et al., 2007)	1.57652908	1.6194884	1.9736603	2.097535382
	modified PSO (Sedghi et al., 2013)	1.10447081	1.26272695	1.36844449	2.675402245
	modified ACO (Zhu & Wang, 2016)	2.31158307	2.11203941	1.52910585	1.531703371
	modified cuckoo search (Chakraborty, Chatterjee, Dey, et al., 2017)	2.25098064	2.16640854	2.00816908	1.560587542
	SuFMoFPA (Proposed)	1.61738912	3.01887919	2.35125854	1.007280189
$I_{008}$	robust modified GA (Shayeghi et al., 2007)	2.87594572	3.08027	2.69379274	2.876237664
	modified PSO (Sedghi et al., 2013)	2.34842572	1.23482571	1.541943	1.475744307
	modified ACO (Zhu & Wang, 2016)	1.92449742	1.76792302	1.75173512	2.07728695
	modified cuckoo search (Chakraborty, Chatterjee, Dey, et al., 2017)	1.96624057	1.40574191	0.91283874	1.76713855
	SuFMoFPA (Proposed)	1.44323534	1.8190357	2.41462487	1.089341918
$I_{009}$	robust modified GA (Shayeghi et al., 2007)	1.5124999	1.82220571	1.69599381	2.487036546
	modified PSO (Sedghi et al., 2013)	2.031554	2.00024885	1.57173881	3.129046095
	modified ACO (Zhu & Wang, 2016)	1.29799698	1.65648242	2.68760426	2.50496945
	modified cuckoo search (Chakraborty, Chatterjee, Dey, et al., 2017)	2.40913356	1.25466882	1.45602541	2.464918427
	SuFMoFPA (Proposed)	1.00272734	0.52918873	2.23226914	2.943121702
$I_{010}$	robust modified GA (Shayeghi et al., 2007)	2.10490036	2.63338268	3.23131984	1.527199305
	modified PSO (Sedghi et al., 2013)	1.51393914	2.03440721	3.1910575	2.364745851
	modified ACO (Zhu & Wang, 2016)	1.42880839	1.72549789	1.59589807	1.409002754
	modified cuckoo search (Chakraborty, Chatterjee, Dey, et al., 2017)	1.77377859	1.8807976	1.37702388	1.631550862
	SuFMoFPA (Proposed)	1.49954426	1.80651403	0.80097162	2.595115205
$I_{011}$	robust modified GA (Shayeghi et al., 2007)	1.53482292	2.68752282	3.4813301	2.06306391
	modified PSO (Sedghi et al., 2013)	0.91109125	2.59537271	2.5134342	2.954316867
	modified ACO (Zhu & Wang, 2016)	1.43064584	1.17580191	1.20036121	2.004273422
	modified cuckoo search (Chakraborty, Chatterjee, Dey, et al., 2017)	4.04527618	2.27041931	2.42526682	1.946313785
	SuFMoFPA (Proposed)	1.01088876	2.18670769	3.23843823	1.237978898
$I_{012}$	robust modified GA (Shayeghi et al., 2007)	1.22658437	3.17522974	2.27317978	0.344527227
	modified PSO (Sedghi et al., 2013)	2.54989016	1.57511342	1.2428984	0.689328996
	modified ACO (Zhu & Wang, 2016)	0.28415421	2.74713111	1.02942694	2.712611798
	modified cuckoo search (Chakraborty, Chatterjee, Dey, et al., 2017)	2.8764765	3.23680059	1.39796326	2.361006173
	SuFMoFPA (Proposed)	1.07310418	2.0509123	1.32380555	1.530585878
$I_{013}$	robust modified GA (Shayeghi et al., 2007)	0.61510902	1.41130686	2.31081462	2.454117072
	modified PSO (Sedghi et al., 2013)	0.69302372	2.23337638	2.6482827	2.660312932
	modified ACO (Zhu & Wang, 2016)	0.90384693	0.80032964	1.71976028	0.74821378
	modified cuckoo search (Chakraborty, Chatterjee, Dey, et al., 2017)	2.32272452	0.3677459	1.17416408	2.161732805
	SuFMoFPA (Proposed)	1.00737929	1.43298693	1.1225014	1.420251346
$I_{014}$	robust modified GA (Shayeghi et al., 2007)	1.3731039	2.22284221	1.54779963	2.335616159
	modified PSO (Sedghi et al., 2013)	1.58257822	3.18142561	3.38494164	1.796379355
	modified ACO (Zhu & Wang, 2016)	2.53668303	2.53703367	2.76676462	1.256570426
	modified cuckoo search (Chakraborty, Chatterjee, Dey, et al., 2017)	1.45128835	0.92768719	2.83487868	1.638298952
	SuFMoFPA (Proposed)	1.84160988	1.79008218	2.7911172	0.761798871
$I_{015}$	robust modified GA (Shayeghi et al., 2007)	0.97732237	1.50302038	1.28425245	1.357409005
	modified PSO (Sedghi et al., 2013)	3.54852343	2.89261202	3.28192626	0.845549773
	modified ACO (Zhu & Wang, 2016)	3.03732267	1.78607349	1.51302288	1.024783073
	modified cuckoo search (Chakraborty, Chatterjee, Dey, et al., 2017)	2.21838199	2.66022916	2.85416128	3.347336396
	SuFMoFPA (Proposed)	2.04570242	2.20236741	1.53215432	1.269017534
$I_{016}$	robust modified GA (Shayeghi et al., 2007)	0.96299427	2.90984857	1.17120698	2.642412232
	modified PSO (Sedghi et al., 2013)	2.43261273	2.47702112	2.01797272	3.266493868
	modified ACO (Zhu & Wang, 2016)	1.59364378	1.85125757	3.0135343	3.339244033
	modified cuckoo search (Chakraborty, Chatterjee, Dey, et al., 2017)	3.23768482	3.4428074	3.61698754	3.057258286
	SuFMoFPA (Proposed)	1.02819889	2.88473661	2.63056273	1.718441873
$I_{017}$	robust modified GA (Shayeghi et al., 2007)	1.5158794	0.90469494	1.1378578	2.157363193
	modified PSO (Sedghi et al., 2013)	1.45799655	1.51945747	3.10569445	4.308694749
	modified ACO (Zhu & Wang, 2016)	1.61444958	0.67963783	2.55840916	0.981993266
	modified cuckoo search (Chakraborty, Chatterjee, Dey, et al., 2017)	4.33053578	3.60084369	2.66888415	1.489080936
	SuFMoFPA (Proposed)	0.41959794	1.39546262	1.5516554	1.183681245
$I_{018}$	robust modified GA (Shayeghi et al., 2007)	2.92505535	3.04178458	2.45828714	2.454949186
	modified PSO (Sedghi et al., 2013)	0.92664642	0.98893148	1.29211482	0.594085259
	modified ACO (Zhu & Wang, 2016)	1.17945546	2.05736916	2.2385389	2.056917812
	modified cuckoo search (Chakraborty, Chatterjee, Dey, et al., 2017)	2.68811487	4.12460479	2.72524349	2.601467668
	SuFMoFPA (Proposed)	1.85109038	1.23907301	1.09513163	1.224494386
Average	robust modified GA (Shayeghi et al., 2007)	1.631098	2.069624	2.041688	1.901073
	modified PSO (Sedghi et al., 2013)	1.755908	1.88935	2.209535	2.168382
	modified ACO (Zhu & Wang, 2016)	1.550649	1.706108	1.875383	1.825539
	modified cuckoo search (Chakraborty, Chatterjee, Dey, et al., 2017)	2.265901	2.114515	1.845491	1.876714
	SuFMoFPA (Proposed)	1.320236	1.639451	1.744748	1.522415