Table 2.
The effects of probiotics on different tissues in animal models via autophagy.
| Probiotics | Tissue/disease | Outcomes | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bifidobacterium breve | Intestine | Probiotics modify protein degradation programs within the intestinal epithelial cells to promote their survival during stress. | [26] |
| Bacillus | Intestine | Probiotics improved growth performance via increasing intestinal autophagy. | [36] |
| Lactobacillus | Intestinal injury gastroenteritis | Probiotics reduced autophagy marker expression to normal levels and partially prevented virus-induced tissue damage. | [11] |
| L. plantarum, B. and S. cerevisiae | Intestine | Probiotic feeding improved the growth, immune function, and intestinal health in weaned piglets. | [37] |
| Bacillus (SC06 or SC080 | Intestine | Bacillus SC06 alleviated oxidative stress-induced disorders and apoptosis via p38-mediated autophagy. | [28] |
| Lactobacillus | Intestine | Probiotics supplementation protected LPS-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction via attenuating apoptosis and autophagy via mTOR signaling pathway. | [35] |
| B. dentium | Intestine | Probiotics enhanced the intestinal mucus layer and goblet cell function via upregulation of gene expression and autophagy signaling pathways. | [27] |
| LAB | Intestine | Probiotics caused anti-infection and anti-inflammation via inducing autophagy. | [30] |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Pediococcus acidilactici, Bifidobacterium adolescentis | Cardiac tissue | Oral administration of probiotics provided cardiac protection via regulation of fibrosis and autophagy. | [40] |
| SLAB51 | Alzheimer disease | Prebiotic treatment by activating autophagy decreased the brain damage and cognitive decline in Alzheimeric mice. | [46] |
| Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced by the intestinal microbiota | Kidney | SCFAs improved the renal dysfunction caused by injury. This protection was partially associated with an increase in autophagy. | [51] |
| ZJ617 | Liver | ZJ617s exerted beneficial effects on the mouse liver through suppression of hepatic TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB activation and autophagy. | [55] |
| Golden bifid | Placenta | Oral supplementation with golden bifid induced placental protection via reducing the autophagy-related protein Beclin1. | [38] |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus | Zebrafish | Parental Lactobacillus rhamnosus administration can modulate important physiological processes involved in zebrafish embryo development. | [19] |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus | Ovarian follicles | Probiotics modulated the balance between apoptosis and autophagy and improved the follicular survival. | [39] |
| Lactobacillus salivarius AR809 | Pharyngeal epithelium | AR809 prevents S. aureus-induced pharyngeal inflammatory response, possibly by regulating mTOR signaling pathway-related autophagy. | [56] |
SLAB51: a formulation made of nine live bacterial strains [Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacteria (B. longum, B. breve, B. infantis), Lactobacillus (L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. paracasei, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, L. brevis)]; LAB: lactic acid bacteria; ZJ617: Lactobacillus reuteri.