Table 1.
Participant characteristics in the main analytic sample, total, and by discrimination change categories (N = 3404), the Jackson Heart Study
| Total (N = 3404, 100%) | Low stable (N = 1843, 54.1%) | Increasing (N = 464, 13.6 %) | Decreasing (N = 496, 14.6%) | High stable (N = 601, 17.7%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exam 1 | |||||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 54.1 (12.0) | 56.6 (11.9) | 51.6 (12.3) | 52.9 (11.4) | 49.1 (10.4) |
| Age > 50 years, N (%) | 2117 (62.2%) | 1283 (69.6%) | 248 (53.4%) | 308 (62.1%) | 280 (46.6%) |
| Male, N (%) | 1230 (36.1%) | 613 (33.3%) | 161 (34.7%) | 202 (40.7%) | 254 (42.3%) |
| Family income ($10,000), median (IQR) | 4.25 (4.0) | 4.25 (4.0) | 4.25 (4.0) | 4.25 (4.5) | 4.25 (4) |
| Education, N (%) | |||||
| < High school | 542 (15.9%) | 354 (19.2%) | 61 (13.1%) | 71 (14.3%) | 56 (9.3%) |
| High school or GED | 599 (17.6%) | 334 (18.1%) | 84 (18.1%) | 99 (20.0%) | 82 (13.6%) |
| Some college/training | 755 (22.2%) | 352 (19.1%) | 108 (23.3%) | 115 (23.2%) | 180 (30.0%) |
| College degree | 1508 (44.3%) | 803 (43.6%) | 211 (45.5%) | 211 (42.5%) | 283 (47.1%) |
| Currently employed, N (%) | 1895 (55.7%) | 904 (49.1%) | 288 (62.1%) | 273 (55.0%) | 430 (71.5%) |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 31.7 (7.0) | 31.6 (6.7) | 31.8 (7.1) | 31.7 (7.1) | 32.2 (7.6) |
| Physical activity, N (%) | |||||
| Poor health | 1588 (46.7%) | 905 (49.1%) | 183 (39.4%) | 239 (48.2%) | 261 (43.4%) |
| Intermediate health | 1124 (33.0%) | 580 (31.5%) | 172 (37.1%) | 160 (32.3%) | 212 (35.3%) |
| Ideal health | 692 (20.3%) | 358 (19.4%) | 109 (23.5%) | 97 (19.5%) | 128 (21.3%) |
| Ever smoked cigarettes, N (%) | 1001 (29.4%) | 507 (27.5%) | 131 (28.2%) | 162 (32.7%) | 201 (33.4%) |
| Current alcohol yes, N (%) | 1615 (47.4%) | 817 (44.3%) | 222 (47.8%) | 249 (50.2%) | 327 (54.4%) |
| Hypertension, N (%) | 1805 (53.0%) | 1040 (56.4%) | 244 (52.6%) | 253 (51.0%) | 268 (44.6%) |
| Diabetes, N (%) | 644 (19.1%) | 380 (20.6%) | 75 (16.2%) | 83 (16.7%) | 106 (17.6%) |
| Perceived stress, mean (SD) | 0.7 (0.5) | 0.5 (0.5) | 0.7 (0.5) | 0.8 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) |
| Social support score, mean (SD) | 4.3 (0.8) | 4.3 (0.7) | 4.3 (0.8) | 4.2 (0.9) | 4.2 (0.9) |
| Depression, CESD score, mean (SD)* | 8.6 (7.8) | 8.0 (7.3) | 8.5 (7.7) | 8.3 (7.6) | 10.3 (8.8) |
| Everyday discrimination, mean (SD) | 2.1 (1.0) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.7 (0.4) | 3.1 (0.7) | 3.5 (0.9) |
| Self-reported sleep quality, mean (SD) | 3 (1.1) | 3.1 (1.1) | 3 (1.1) | 2.9 (1.1) | 2.8 (1.1) |
| Self-reported sleep duration (mins), mean (SD) | 385.7 (84.7) | 389.0 (84.9) | 388.1 (81.2) | 384.2 (93.3) | 370.4 (85) |
| Short sleep (< 7 hours), N (%) | 1869 (54.4%) | 962 (52.2%) | 251 (54.1%) | 285 (57.5%) | 371 (61.7%) |
| Exam 3 | |||||
| Everyday discrimination, mean (SD) | 1.8 (0.9) | 1.3 (0.3) | 2.7 (1.0) | 1.4 (0.3) | 2.9 (0.9) |
| Self-reported sleep quality, mean (SD) | 3 (1.0) | 3.2 (1.0) | 2.9 (1.0) | 3 (1.0) | 2.8 (1.1) |
| Self-reported sleep duration (mins), mean (SD) | 383.4 (86.5) | 389.5 (84.4) | 388.4 (81.3) | 386.7 (89.5) | 371.2 (83.0) |
| Short sleep (< 7 hours), N (%) | 1847 (54.3%) | 953 (51.7%) | 248 (53.4%) | 278 (56.0%) | 368 (61.2%) |
| Change from Exam 1 to Exam 3 | |||||
| Follow-up years, mean (SD) | 8.0 (0.9) | 8.0 (0.9) | 8.0 (0.9) | 8.1 (0.9) | 8.1 (0.8) |
| Everyday discrimination, mean (SD) | −0.3 (1.0) | −0.2 (0.5) | 1 (1.1) | −1.7 (0.8) | −0.6 (1.0) |
| Self-reported sleep quality, mean (SD) | 0.05 (1.1) | 0.07 (1.1) | −0.04 (1.1) | 0.06 (1.2) | 0.06 (1.1) |
| Self-reported sleep duration (min), mean (SD) | −0.04 (91.7) | 1.2 (92.4) | −5.6 (87.8) | −1.7 (97.4) | 1.7 (87.4) |
*Sample size = 805.