Figure 14.

(A) The model of a range expanding population with two neutral alleles (green and gray). A broad offspring distribution arises dynamically in the front region. (B) Stationary distributions of the allele frequency when mutation rate θ is small (blue) and when θ is large (orange). The wiggling lines (blue/orange) are the numerical results in the traveling wave model, while the dotted lines (black) are those in the macroscopic model. The parameters of the Allee effect B are B = 1 (left), 3 (middle), and 8 (right). See Appendix I for the details of the implementation of the simulation and other parameter values.