Table 3.
Mental Health Measures of Study Participants During the 16-Week Study Period
| Intention to Treat |
As-Treated |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EIM |
mHealth |
Mean Diff | 95% CI | EIM |
mHealth |
Mean Diff | 95% CI | |||||
| N | Adjusted Mean (SEM) | N | Adjusted Mean (SEM) | N | Adjusted Mean (SEM) | N | Adjusted Mean (SEM) | |||||
| CES-D | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 28 | 14.1 (1.9) | 28 | 11.8 (1.9) | 2.3 | −3.1 to 7.8 | 17 | 16.2 (2.4) | 39 | 11.5 (1.6) | 4.7 | −1.1 to 10.4 |
| 8 wk | 17 | 12.3 (2.2) | 24 | 12.7 (2.0) | −0.4 | −6.4 to 5.5 | 15 | 13.9 (2.6) | 26 | 12.4 (1.7) | 1.5 | −4.7 to 7.7 |
| 16 wk | 12 | 15.9 (2.8) | 21 | 12.6 (2.1) | 3.3 | −3.6 to 10.3 | 10 | 16.8 (3.1) | 23 | 12.6 (1.9) | 4.2 | −3.1 to 11.6 |
| Brief Resilience Scale | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 28 | 3.7 (0.2) | 28 | 3.6 (0.2) | 0.1 | −0.3 to 0.6 | 17 | 3.6 (0.2) | 39 | 3.7 (0.1) | −0.1 | −0.6 to 0.4 |
| 8 wk | 17 | 3.7 (0.2) | 24 | 3.5 (0.2) | 0.2 | −0.3 to 0.6 | 15 | 3.5 (0.2) | 26 | 3.6 (0.1) | −0.1 | −0.6 to 0.4 |
| 16 wk | 12 | 3.9 (0.2) | 21 | 3.5 (0.2) | 0.4 | −0.1 to 0.9 | 10 | 3.8 (0.2) | 23 | 3.6 (0.2) | 0.1 | −0.5 to 0.7 |
| Exercise Confidence Survey | ||||||||||||
| Sticking to it | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 28 | 4.2 (0.2) | 28 | 4.1 (0.2) | 0.1 | −0.4 to 0.6 | 17 | 4.1 (0.2) | 39 | 4.2 (0.2) | −0.1 | −0.6 to 0.4 |
| 8 wk | 17 | 3.9 (0.2) | 24 | 3.7 (0.2) | 0.2 | −0.3 to 0.8 | 15 | 3.9 (0.2) | 26 | 3.7 (0.2) | 0.1 | −0.4 to 0.7 |
| 16 wk | 12 | 3.9 (0.3) | 21 | 3.6 (0.2) | 0.3 | −0.4 to 0.9 | 10 | 4.1 (0.3) | 23 | 3.6 (0.2) | 0.5 | −0.2 to 1.2 |
| Making time for exercise | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 28 | 4.3 (0.2) | 28 | 4.0 (0.2) | 0.2 | −0.3 to 0.8 | 17 | 4.3 (0.2) | 39 | 4.1 (0.2) | 0.2 | −0.4 to 0.7 |
| 8 wk | 17 | 3.9 (0.2) | 24 | 3.9 (0.2) | 0 | −0.6 to 0.6 | 15 | 3.9 (0.2) | 26 | 4.0 (0.2) | 0 | −0.6 to 0.6 |
| 16 wk | 12 | 4.0 (0.3) | 21 | 3.7 (0.2) | 0.3 | −0.4 to 0.9 | 10 | 4.3 (0.3) | 23 | 3.7 (0.2) | 0.6 | −0.1 to 1.3 |
| SF-12 | ||||||||||||
| Physical Component Summary score | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 28 | 41.3 (1.1) | 28 | 41.2 (1.2) | 0.2 | −3.1 to 3.4 | 17 | 41.3 (1.4) | 39 | 41.2 (1.0) | 0.1 | −3.3 to 3.6 |
| 8 wk | 17 | 42.5 (1.3) | 24 | 39.3 (1.3) | 3.2 | −0.5 to 6.8 | 15 | 42.6 (1.5) | 26 | 39.5 (1.2) | 3.1 | −0.7 to 6.9 |
| 16 wk | 12 | 40.9 (1.5) | 21 | 39.4 (1.3) | 1.5 | −2.5 to 5.6 | 10 | 40.8 (1.7) | 23 | 39.6 (1.2) | 1.2 | −3.0 to 5.4 |
| Mental Component Summary score | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 28 | 45.8 (1.6) | 28 | 47.1 (1.7) | −1.2 | −6.0 to 3.5 | 17 | 44.6 (2.0) | 39 | 47.4 (1.4) | −2.8 | −7.8 to 2.2 |
| 8 wk | 17 | 46.1 (2.0) | 24 | 45.8 (1.8) | 0.3 | −5.1 to 5.7 | 15 | 45.7 (2.1) | 26 | 45.9 (1.7) | −0.2 | −5.8 to 5.3 |
| 16 wk | 12 | 42.2 (2.3) | 21 | 45.6 (1.9) | −3.3 | −9.4 to 2.7 | 10 | 43.2 (2.6) | 23 | 44.6 (1.8) | −1.4 | −7.7 to 4.8 |
Note: SF-12 mental health component scores were lower than the mean for individuals without serious mental or physical at baseline and throughout the course of the study conditions (Ware et al, mean ± SD Physical Component Summary scores: 47.42 ± 0.4; Mental Component scores: 53.82 ± 0.3).25 CES-D scores for both study groups were on average <15, suggesting subclinical or absence of depression.24 The overall mean Brief Resilience Scale score for study participants throughout the study is scored as “normal resilience” (3.00-4.30).28 The Exercise Confidence Survey is scored from 0 to 5, with higher scores indicating higher confidence.27
Abbreviations: CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression; EIM, Exercise Is Medicine; mHealth, mobile health; SEM, standard error of mean; SF-12, 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey.