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. 2021 Dec 10;11:23800. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-03192-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Representative SEM micrographs of the S. mutans biofilm (24 h, X500 and X3000 magnification), after NTAP treatment for P30 (A, B); P90 (C, D); P120 (E, F); and P150 (G, H). More damage on the biofilm structure was observed with the increase of the NTAP application. Note the presence of “non-disrupted” /untreated biofilm (white arrows) and some ruptures occurred on the biofilm due to effects of drying (pointer).