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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pediatr Res. 2021 Jun 11;91(6):1370–1373. doi: 10.1038/s41390-021-01619-y

Table 2.

Pearson Correlations (r) Between Cognitive Processes and Written Expression

uAR uIR iCL/P
WC TD GM WC TD GM WC TD GM
General Ability .554 .364 .741 − .174 .489 .725 .909 .600 .878
Verbal Comprehension .076 .538 .084 − .409 .089 .666 .629 .373 .783
Auditory Memory − .058 − .272 .087 .48 .432 .114 − .223 − .001 .187
Phonological Awareness − .083 .216 .091 − .484 − .278 .763 .477 .325 .615
Orthographic Competence − .615 .444 .023 − .387 − .401 .305 .345 − .171 .441

Note: uAR = Unaffected and Average Reading; uIR = Unaffected and Impaired Reading; iCL/P = Isolated Cleft Lip and/or Palate; WC = Word Count; TD = Theme/Development; GM = Grammar/Mechanics. Bold r-values indicate significance at p < .05.