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. 2021 Dec 10;11:23783. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-03321-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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ERS/ERD in the theta and alpha bands while solving the low and high complexity scientific problems. α1 refers to lower alpha band, α2 refers to upper alpha band. With the increase of mental effort, the amplitudes of frontal theta ERS and posterior lower alpha band ERD increase, while the amplitude of upper alpha band ERD demonstrates an extensive enhancement throughout the whole brain. (a) Topographical maps of theta ERS and alpha ERD for the two complexity conditions. (b) Theta ERS for the two complexity conditions in four brain regions. (c) Lower alpha band ERD for the two complexity conditions in four brain regions. (d) Upper alpha band ERD for the two complexity conditions in four brain regions.