Table 1.

Different types of materials for the generation of organoids from various tissues in three-dimensional culture.

Materials	Advantages	Disadvantages	Organoids made using this type of material	References
Matrigel	Inexpensive and commercially available, extensively used with well-developed protocols	Undefined culture system, subject to lot-to-lot variation, poor control of mechanical properties, may not contain all chemical cues necessary for differentiation, immunogenicity	Gut, heart, brain, liver, kidney, pancreas, female reproductive tract, inter alia.	See references12–27 for reviews
Decellularized tissue	Preserves native chemical cues and mechanical properties, resulting organoids can be large	Preparation is difficult, limited by donor availability, lack of definition	Liver, intestine, heart, lung, kidney, pancreas, testicular, stomach	Liver:73–77,80 Intestine:79,80 Heart:69,70 Lung:70,71,121 Kidney:67,68,70 Pancreas:80–82 Testes:72 Stomach80:
Collagen and other biomacromolecules derived from natural sources	Low cost, wide availability	No structural information preserved, not all necessary chemical cues present, often requires feeder cells, lot-to-lot variation	Liver, intestine, pancreas, epithelium, brain, lung, vascular, stomach, kidney	Liver:98 Intestine:84–86,89–91,102,103 Pancreas:104 Epithelium:86,88,89 Brain:101,111–116 Lung:99,100 Vascular:105 Stomach:85,102 Kidney:87
Synthetic polymers	Excellent control of mechanical and chemical properties, repeatability, tunable degradation rate	Requires functionalization with cell-binding peptides or presence of feeder cells, possible cytotoxicity concerns	Brain, liver, intestine, pancreas, salivary glands	Neural and Brain:156,157,161,165,169,174 Liver:158–160,179 Intestine:162–164 Pancreas:175 Salivary Glands:183
Recombinant proteins and peptides	Precise placement of chemical cues, tunable mechanical properties, tunable degradation rate, easy to include cell-binding domains	Possible endotoxin contamination, higher cost, possible immunogenicity	Pancreas, brain, intestine, heart	Pancreas:192–195 Brain:196,198–202 Intestine:191 Heart:189,190