Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics, Overall and by Vulnerability Count in the 2017 ACC/AHA Cohort (n = 5,425).
| All included participants |
Participants who did not have a missing vulnerability count* |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | N with missing data | Overall | N with missing data | Number of Vulnerabilities |
p-value | |||
| 0 | 1 | ≥ 2 | ||||||
|
| ||||||||
| No. of participants | 5425 | 4736 | 2551 | 1468 | 717 | |||
|
| ||||||||
| Vulnerabilities Included in the count | ||||||||
| Income <$35,000 | 1782 (37.2) | 63 (11.6) | 1758 (37.3) | 28 (0.6) | 0 | 1093 (74.5) | 665 (96.5) | <0.001 |
| Education < High School | 395 (7.3) | 2 (<0.1) | 346 (7.3) | 0 | 0 | 46 (3.1) | 300 (41.8) | <0.001 |
| No health insurance | 285 (5.3) | 3 (<0.1) | 259 (5.5) | 0 | 0 | 49 (3.3) | 210 (29.3) | <0.001 |
| >25% residents of zip code live below poverty line | 745 (14.0) | 95 (1.8) | 683 (14.4) | 7 (0.1) | 0 | 280 (19.1) | 403 (56.8) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||||||
| Vulnerabilities Considered but not included in the count | ||||||||
| Lives in a state with poor public health infrastructure | 1809 (33.4) | 1 (<0.1) | 1577 (33.3) | 0 | 726 (28.5) | 538 (36.6) | 313 (43.7) | <0.001 |
| Lives in complete or partial HPSA | 2140 (39.5) | 1 (<0.1) | 1850 (39.1) | 0 | 943 (37.0) | 562 (38.3) | 345 (48.1) | <0.001 |
| Rural/Urban Residence | 61 (1.3) | 562 (10.4) | 51 (1.2) | 485 (10.2) | 21 (0.9) | 14 (1.1) | 16 (2.5) | 0.004 |
| Social Isolation from friends/family | 615 (11.5) | 79 (1.5) | 535 (11.4) | 56 (1.2) | 266 (10.5) | 167 (11.5) | 102 (14.7) | 0.009 |
| Social Isolation – no one to provide care if fall ill | 714 (14.0) | 322 (5.9) | 614 (13.7) | 265 (5.6) | 254 (10.5) | 230 (16.5) | 130 (19.8) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||||||
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Black race | 1277 (23.5) | 0 | 1154 (24.4) | 0 | 410 (16.1) | 376 (25.6) | 368 (51.3) | <0.001 |
| Age in years | 63.6 (9.6) | 0 | 63.4 (9.5) | 0 | 61.5 ± 8.8 | 65.7 ± 9.6 | 65.2 ± 10.4 | <0.001 |
| Female | 2987 (55.1) | 0 | 2552 (53.9) | 0 | 1289 (50.5) | 840 (57.2) | 423 (59.0) | <0.001 |
| Stroke Belt residence | 3006 (55.4) | 0 | 2615 (55.2) | 0 | 1295 (50.8) | 854 (58.2) | 466 (65.0) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||||||
| Medical Conditions or Medications | ||||||||
| History of CVD | 695 (13.0) | 96 (1.8) | 603 (12.9) | 78 (1.6) | 285 (10.4) | 347 (13.8) | 330 (15.4) | <0.001 |
| History of stroke | 179 (3.3) | 23 (0.4) | 156 (3.3) | 17 (0.4) | 49 (1.8) | 99 (3.9) | 115 (5.3) | <0.001 |
| High cholesterol | 3343 (61.6) | 0 | 2907 (61.4) | 0 | 1518 (59.5) | 942 (64.2) | 447 (62.3) | 0.012 |
| Diabetes | 563 (10.7) | 178 (3.3) | 484 (10.6) | 156 (3.3) | 181 (7.3) | 186 (13.1) | 117 (17.2) | <0.001 |
| Statin Use | 1273 (23.6) | 21 (0.4) | 1099 (23.3) | 17 (0.4) | 587 (23.1) | 345 (23.6) | 167 (23.4) | 0.928 |
| Insulin use | 145 (2.7) | 2 (<0.1) | 125 (2.6) | 1 (<0.1) | 47 (1.8) | 45 (3.1) | 33 (4.6) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||||||
| Functional Status | ||||||||
| PCS-12: SF-12 Physical | 52.5 [45.3, 55.9] | 187 (3.4) | 52.7 [45.6, 55.9] | 139 (2.9) | 53.8 [48.9, 56.2] | 50.7 [42.3, 55.5] | 48.7 [38.3, 54.4] | <0.001 |
| MCS-12: SF-12 Mental | 56.6 [52.4, 59.0] | 187 (3.4) | 56.4 [52.4, 59.0] | 139 (2.9) | 56.8 [53.3, 58.8] | 56.4 [51.7, 59.3] | 55.5 [48.4, 59.4] | <0.001 |
|
| ||||||||
| Health Behaviors | ||||||||
| Current cigarette smoking | 754 (13.9) | 15 (0.3) | 671 (14.2) | 15 (0.3) | 230 (9.1) | 261 (17.8) | 180 (25.1) | <0.001 |
| Heavy Alcohol Use | 210 (3.9) | 79 (1.5) | 182 (3.9) | 62 (1.3) | 111 (4.4) | 48 (3.3) | 23 (3.3) | 0.150 |
| No physical activity | 1590 (29.7) | 74 (1.4) | 1371 (29.3) | 59 (1.2) | 617 (24.4) | 491 (33.8) | 263 (37.6) | <0.001 |
| Low adherence to a Mediterranean diet | 2167 (51.0) | 1177 (21.7) | 1883 (50.9) | 1036 (21.9) | 975 (46.6) | 599 (53.5) | 309 (63.3) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||||||
| Physiologic Variables | ||||||||
| BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2 | 1130 (20.9) | 16 (0.3) | 1013 (21.4) | 13 (0.3) | 502 (19.7) | 320 (21.9) | 191 (26.9) | <0.001 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 113.9 (9.4) | 0 | 113.9 (9.4) | 0 | 113.4 ± 9.3 | 114.4 ± 9.2 | 114.7 ± 9.7 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 69.5 (6.5) | 0 | 69.5 (6.5) | 0 | 69.8 ± 6.3 | 69.3 ± 6.6 | 69.3 ± 6.9 | 0.028 |
| CRP > 3 mg/L | 1570 (30.7) | 307 (5.7) | 1379 (30.8) | 258 (5.4) | 638 (26.1) | 477 (34.5) | 264 (40.6) | <0.001 |
| UACR ≥ 30 mg/g | 383 (7.4) | 220 (4.1) | 333 (7.3) | 198 (4.2) | 145 (5.9) | 99 (7.1) | 89 (13.3) | <0.001 |
| eGFR < 60 ml/minute/1.73m2 | 308 (5.9) | 192 (3.5) | 260 (5.7) | 160 (3.4) | 89 (3.6) | 109 (7.7) | 62 (9.2) | <0.001 |
Values are count (%), mean ± standard deviation, or median [interquartile range].
Includes only those participants who either had complete data on the vulnerabilities included in the count or sufficient data to categorize the participants vulnerability count. That is, although 146 and 21 of these participants had missing income and zip code level poverty, respectively, all of these had a vulnerability count score of ≥ 2 when considering the other vulnerabilities, so the missing values could not affect their categorization. Overall, 959 participants in the JNC-7 Cohort had a missing vulnerability count which was imputed.
ACC/AHA = American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association; BMI = Body mass index; CRP = C reactive protein; DBP = Diastolic blood pressure; eGFR = Estimated glomerular filtration rate; HPSA = Healthcare Professional Shortage Area; MCS = Mental Component Summary; PCS = Physical component summary; REGARDS = Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Strokes; SBP = Systolic Blood Pressure; SF-12 = 12-Item Short Form Survey; UACR = Urinary Albumin/Creatinine Ratio.