Table 4.
Cumulative Vulnerabilities and 10-Year Risk of Hypertension and Death in the 2017 ACC/AHA Cohort (n = 5,425).
| Number of Vulnerabilities |
P for trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | ≥2 | ||
|
| ||||
| Alive without Hypertension | ||||
| Percent of participants | 52.3% | 36.5% | 26.2% | |
| RRR (95% CI) | ||||
| All Models | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |
|
| ||||
| Alive with Hypertension | ||||
| Percent of participants | 32.7% | 30.7% | 33.4% | |
| RRR (95% CI) | ||||
| Crude | 1 [Reference] | 1.33 (1.15, 1.54) | 1.90 (1.56, 2.31) | <0.001 |
| Model 1* | 1 [Reference] | 1.29 (1.11, 1.49) | 1.88 (1.55, 2.29) | <0.001 |
| Model 2† | 1 [Reference] | 1.17 (1.00, 1.36) | 1.51 (1.22, 1.86) | <0.001 |
| Model 3‡ | 1 [Reference] | 1.16 (0.99, 1.36) | 1.49 (1.20, 1.85) | <0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Deceased | ||||
| Percent of participants | 15.0% | 32.8% | 40.4% | |
| RRR (95% CI) | ||||
| Crude | 1 [Reference] | 3.14 (2.64, 3.73) | 5.59 (4.53, 6.89) | <0.001 |
| Model 1* | 1 [Reference] | 2.16 (1.78, 2.61) | 4.58 (3.64, 5.78) | <0.001 |
| Model 2† | 1 [Reference] | 1.55 (1.25, 1.93) | 2.43 (1.85, 3.18) | <0.001 |
| Model 3‡ | 1 [Reference] | 1.55 (1.24, 1.93) | 2.30 (1.75, 3.04) | <0.001 |
Values are relative risk ratio (95% confidence interval) obtained from multinomial logistic regression models, unless otherwise indicated. In all models, “alive without hypertension” is the base outcome.
Model 1 is adjusted for age.
Model 2 is adjusted for the covariates in Mode1 and socio-demographics (gender, region, social isolation) + medical conditions (history of CVD, history of stroke, high cholesterol, diabetes, statin use, insulin use) + functional status (physical and mental component summary from the Short Form-12 instrument) + health behaviors (alcohol use, smoking status, physical activity, Mediterranean diet).
Model 3 is adjusted for the covariates in Model 2 and physiologic and laboratory characteristics (body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, log transformed C-reactive protein, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, and estimated glomerular filtration rate).
2017 ACC/AHA = 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults; CI = confidence interval; RRR = relative risk ratio.