Table 1.
Participant characteristics and results of LTBI testing by HIV status
| All participants n=400 | WLHIV n=200 | HIV negative n=200 | RR* (95% CI) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or median (IQR) |
n (%) or median (IQR) |
n (%) or median (IQR) |
|||
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||
| Age, yrs | 26 (22–29) | 28 (24–32) | 23 (21–26) | 1.06 (1.05–1.08) | <0.001 |
| Gestational age, wks | 28 (24–30) | 26 (23–30) | 28 (25–32) | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.1 (22.3–27.5) | 24.2 (22.2–27.5) | 24.0 (22.4–27.4) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.434 |
| MUAC, cm | 26.0 (25.0–28.0) | 26.2 (25.1– 28.8) | 26.0 (24.527.2) | 1.04 (1.02–1.07) | <0.001 |
| Education, yrs | 10 (8–12) | 10 (8–12) | 10 (8–12) | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | 0.082 |
| Employed | 209 (52.0) | 116 (58.0) | 93 (46.5) | 1.26 (1.03–1.54) | 0.023 |
| Residential characteristics | |||||
| Running water in home | 185 (46.0) | 81 (40.5) | 104 (52.0) | 0.79 (0.65–0.97) | 0.024 |
| Electricity in home | 255 (64.0) | 131 (65.5) | 124 (62.0) | 1.08 (0.88–1.33) | 0.472 |
| Pit latrine use | 377 (94.3) | 187 (93.5) | 190 (95.0) | 0.88 (0.61–1.27) | 0.493 |
| Persons in household | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) | 3 (2–5) | 1.05 (0.99–1.12) | 0.077 |
| Single room household | 90 (22.5) | 36 (18.0) | 54 (27.0) | 0.76 (0.57–0.99) | 0.046 |
| TB history, symptoms, exposures | |||||
| Previous TB | 3 (0.8) | 2 (1.0) | 1 (0.5) | 1.34 (0.60–3.00) | 0.481 |
| WHO TB symptom past month † | 16 (4.0) | 10 (5.0) | 6 (3.0) | 1.26 (0.85–1.87) | 0.244 |
| Household WHO TB symptom | 13 (3.3) | 7 (3.5) | 6 (3.0) | 1.08 (0.65–1.80) | 0.770 |
| TB exposure past 2 years | 4 (1.0) | 3 (1.5) | 1 (0.5) | 1.51 (0.85–2.68) | 0.162 |
| HIV | |||||
| CD4, cells/mm3 (n=90) § | 464 (325–654) | ||||
| HIV viral load, copies/ml (n=174) § | 0 (0–54) | ||||
| HIV viral load undetectable (n=174) || | 153 (87.9) | ||||
| Time since HIV diagnosis, yrs | 3.1 (0.4–6.9) | ||||
| ART before pregnancy | 135 (67.5) | ||||
| ART on enrollment | 200 (100.0) | ||||
| Any IPT | 125 (62.5) | ||||
| IPT on enrollment (n=125) | 38 (30.1) | ||||
| LTBI test results | |||||
| LTBI+ (TST+ or QFT-Plus+) | 143 (35.8) | 74 (37.0) | 69 (34.5) | 1.06 (0.86–1.29) | 0.600 |
| TST+ (n=398) ‡ | 46 (11.6) | 37 (18.5) | 9 (4.6) | 1.74 (1.45–2.08) | <0.001 |
| QFT-Plus (n=399) | |||||
| Positive | 129 (32.3) | 63 (31.5) | 66 (33.2) | 0.96 (0.77–1.19) | 0.691 |
| Negative | 245 (61.4) | 125 (62.5) | 120 (60.3) | ref | |
| Indeterminate | 25 (6.3) | 12 (6.0) | 13 (6.6) | 0.94 (0.61–1.44) | 0.779 |
Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; RR, relative risk; yrs, years; wks, weeks; BMI, body mass index; MUAC, mid-upper arm circumference; TB, tuberculosis; WHO, World Health Organization; LTBI, latent tuberculosis infection; TST, tuberculin skin test; QFT-Plus, QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus; ART, antiretroviral therapy; IPT, isoniazid preventive therapy
Relative risk (RR) estimated using a generalized linear model (GLM) with log link and Poisson family
WHO TB symptoms: fever, cough, weight loss, night sweats
TST positive defined as ≥5 mm induration if HIV positive and ≥10mm induration if HIV negative; median time of TST read was 47 hours (IQR 45–70).
CD4 and viral load data were collected from routine programmatic data; viral load was collected at a median of 55 (6–91) days prior to enrollment
Undetectable viral load ≤20 copies/ml