Table 2b.
Participant characteristics by LTBI status stratified by HIV status
| WLHIV (n=200) | HIV negative (n=200) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LTBI* positive n=74 n (%) or median (IQR) |
LTBI negative n=126 n (%) or median (IQR) |
RR† (95% CI) | p | LTBI* positive n=69 n (%) or median (IQR) |
LTBI negative n=131 n (%) or median (IQR) |
RR† (95% CI) | p | |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||||
| Age, yrs | 28 (23–32) | 28 (24–31) | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) | 0.700 | 24 (22–27) | 23 (20–26) | 1.04 (1.01–1.08) | 0.017 |
| Gestational age, wks | 28 (24–30) | 26 (22–30) | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) | 0.240 | 28 (24–30) | 28 (25–32) | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 0.190 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.1 (22.1–27.4) | 24.2 (22.3–27.6) | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | 0.658 | 24.1 (22.4–27.6) | 24.0 (22.3–27.2) | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | 0.935 |
| MUAC, cm | 26.0 (25.5–28.8) | 26.5 (25.0–29.0) | 0.99 (0.94–1.05) | 0.760 | 26 (25–27.4) | 25.6 (24.5–27.0) | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 0.821 |
| Education, yrs | 8.5 (8.0–11.0) | 10 (8–12) | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) | 0.212 | 9 (8–12) | 10 (8–12) | 0.94 (0.90–0.99) | 0.014 |
| Employed | 40 (54.1) | 76 (60.3) | 0.85 (0.59–1.22) | 0.385 | 38 (55.1) | 55 (42.0) | 1.41 (0.96–2.07) | 0.080 |
| Residential characteristics | ||||||||
| Running water in home | 25 (33.8) | 56 (44.4) | 0.75 (0.51–1.11) | 0.149 | 38 (55.1) | 66 (50.4) | 1.13 (0.77–1.66) | 0.530 |
| Electricity in home | 46 (62.2) | 85 (67.5) | 0.87 (0.60–1.25) | 0.443 | 47 (68.1) | 77 (58.8) | 1.31 (0.86–1.99) | 0.208 |
| Pit latrine use | 71 (96.0) | 116 (92.1) | 1.65 (0.60–4.53) | 0.335 | 65 (94.2) | 125 (95.4) | 0.86 (0.39–1.88) | 0.697 |
| Persons in household | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) | 1.08 (0.97–1.20) | 0.183 | 3 (2–5) | 3 (2–5) | 0.98 (0.86–1.11) | 0.748 |
| Single room household | 11 (14.9) | 25 (19.8) | 0.80 (0.47–1.35) | 0.398 | 17 (24.6) | 37 (28.2) | 0.88 (0.56–1.39) | 0.592 |
| TB history, symptoms, exposures | ||||||||
| Previous TB | 2 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2.75 (2.29–3.31) | <0.001 | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2.93 (2.41–3.55) | <0.001 |
| WHO TB symptom past month ‡ | 4 (5.4) | 6 (4.8) | 1.09 (0.50–2.38) | 0.837 | 2 (2.9) | 4 (3.1) | 0.97 (0.31–3.05) | 0.952 |
| Household WHO TB symptom | 2 (2.7) | 5 (4.0) | 0.77 (0.23–2.51) | 0.660 | 2 (2.9) | 4 (3.1) | 0.97 (0.31–3.05) | 0.952 |
| TB exposure past 2 yrs | 1 (1.4) | 2 (1.6) | 0.90 (0.18–4.52) | 0.898 | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2.93 (2.41–3.55) | <0.001 |
| HIV | ||||||||
| CD4, cells/mm3 (N=90) § | 546 (391–725) | 448 (287–597) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.039 | ||||
| HIV viral load, copies/ml (n=174) § | 0 (0–40) | 0 (0–65) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.114 | ||||
| HIV viral load undetectable (n=174) || | 58 (90.6) | 95 (86.4) | 1.32 (0.65–2.69) | 0.434 | ||||
| Time since HIV diagnosis, yrs | 2.8 (0.4–7.6) | 3.3 (0.5–6.3) | 1.00 (0.96–1.05) | 0.847 | ||||
| ART before pregnancy | 50 (67.6) | 85 (67.5) | 1.00 (0.68–1.48) | 0.988 | ||||
| Any IPT | 40 (54.1) | 85 (67.5) | 0.71 (0.49–1.00) | 0.056 | ||||
| IPT on enrollment (n=125) | 12 (30.0) | 26 (30.2) | 0.99 (0.57–1.74) | 0.979 | ||||
Abbreviations: LTBI, latent tuberculosis infection; IQR, interquartile range; RR, relative risk; yrs, years; wks, weeks; BMI, body mass index; MUAC, mid-upper arm circumference; TB, tuberculosis; WHO, World Health Organization; ART, antiretroviral therapy; IPT, isoniazid preventive therapy
*
LTBI defined as TST or QFT positive, where TST positive ≥5mm for WLHIV and ≥10mm for HIV negative women
†
Relative risk (RR) estimated using a generalized linear model (GLM) with log link and Poisson family
‡
WHO TB symptoms: fever, cough, weight loss, night sweats
§
CD4 and viral load data were collected from routine programmatic data
||
Undetectable viral load ≤20 copies/ml