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Schematic illustration of the (a) dependence on incident light angle and refractive index to achieve total internal reflection and (b) light propagation through a step-index optical fiber via total internal reflection resulting in minimal energy loss over the length of the fiber. θ1: incident angle; θ2: transmitted angle; θc: critical angle; n1 and n2: refractive indices of media 1 and 2, respectively.
