Table 1.

Rceptors and mouse models of HCoVs

HCoVs	Receptor	Receptor transgenic mice	Receptor knock-in mice	Delivery receptor by exogenous vector	Genetically adapted virus
SARS-CoV	hACE2 [18•]	mAce2-hACE2 ICR mice [25]; K18-hACE2 C57BL/6 mice [24]	N/A	N/A	MA15 in young BALB/c mice [43]; v2163 in young BALB/c mice [46]
MERS-CoV	hDPP4 [19•]	CAG-hCD26 C57BL/6 J and/or B6C3F1/J mice [27]; codon-optimized CAG-hDPP4 C57BL/6 mice [31]; hDPP4 Tg C57BL/6 mice [32]	hDPP4 whole humanized using the VelociGene technology [33]; mDPP4 (A288 L/T330R) combined with MERS-15 [28]; hDPP4 KI combined with MERSMA [26]; CRISPR/Cas9 KI [34];	Ad5-hDPP4 [39••]	MERS-15 in CRISPR–Cas9 genetically engineered C57BL/6 mice [28]; MERSMA30 in hDPP4-KI C57BL/6 mice [26]
SARS-CoV-2	hACE2 [20]	mAce2 hACE2 ICR mice [29]; HFH4-hACE2 C3B6 mice [30]; K18-hACE2 [35, 36, 37]	CRISPR/Cas9 KI [38]	Ad5-hACE2 [40]; AAV-hACE2 [41]; VEEV-VRP-hACE2 [42]	SARS-CoV-2 MA10 in BALB/c mice [47]; SARS-CoV-2 MA in BALB/c mice [44]; MASCp6 in aged BALB/c mice [45]
HCoV-HKU1	9-O-acetylatedsialic acids [23]	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
HCoV-OC43	9-O-acetylatedsialic acids [23]	Mice are susceptible to OC43
HCoV-NL63	hACE2 [22]	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
HCoV-229E	hAPN [21]	hAPN+/+ Stat1−/− ICR mice [84]	N/A	N/A	N/A