Table 1.
Comparison of NADRI with ADRI in clinical and laboratory characteristics
| Item | Rigalleau 2007[18] | Afghahi 2013[37] | Shimizu 2013 [56] | De cosmo 2014[36] | Thorn 2015[47] | Penno 2018[7] | Lamacchia 2018[15] |
Yamanouchi 2019[13] |
Buyadaa 2020[16] |
Dai 2021 [55] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 15/74 | 10,111/6211 | 15/139 | 13,660/14,684 | 78/424 | 1476/1230 | 719/676 | 82/164 | 432/345 | 45/95 |
| Age (years) | 68 ± 9/64 ± 12 | 2.16 ± 2.10/1.99 ± 1.23 | 62.5 ± 6.2/62.1 ± 9.6 | 74.0 ± 8.0/73.4 ± 8.5 | 55.1(45.5, 61.3)/43.7(36.1, 50.7) * | 74.4 ± 8.1/73.2 ± 9.1 | 66 ± 12/60 ± 14* | 63(56, 67)/64(56, 70) | 66.7(62.4, 72)/66.0(62.1, 71.2) * | 67.6 ± 12.2/66.2 ± 12.1 |
| Female (%) | 66/40 | 64/42* | 53.3/34.5 | 57.8/40.5* | 77/42* | 60.23/37.72* | 65/41.5* | 34/32 | 58.4/50.2* | 48.9/42.1 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.0 ± 4.5/26.9 ± 4.3 | 29.3 ± 5.2/29.5 ± 5.3* | 22.2 ± 2.2/23.5 ± 3.4 | 29.7 ± 5.1/30.0 ± 5.2 | 25.2 ± 3.3/25.9 ± 4.1 | 29.06 ± 5.12/29.14 ± 5.05 | 26.2 ± 4.5/26.5 ± 4.9 | 23(21, 25)/24(22, 26) | 32.4 ± 5.4/32.7 ± 5.7 | 25.4(23.2, 26.8)/24.2(22.3, 25.7) |
| Smoking (%) | 20/52 | 6.1/8.0* | – | 8.8/13.4* | 12.0/24.0* | 36.65/46.75* | 13.5/24.3* | 63/61 | 6/12.7* | 20/29.5 |
| HTN (%) | – | – | – | – | – | 92.89/95.04 | 53.9/61.9 | - | - | 75.6/88.4 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 143 ± 16/147 ± 19 | 136 ± 17/139 ± 19* | 129.3 ± 14.3/146.9 ± 21.0* | 139.5 ± 18.9/143.8 ± 20.5* | 137 ± 20/147 ± 21* | 138.6 ± 18.7/140.9 ± 19.6* | 137 ± 20/141 ± 20* | 130(120, 145)/146(134, 162)* | 133.0 ± 17.0/144.8 ± 18.8* | 137 ± 20/152 ± 22* |
| DBP(mmHg) | 79 ± 8/81 ± 10 | 73 ± 9.8/74 ± 10.3 | 75.6 ± 10.0/76.8 ± 12.4 | 77.3 ± 9.8/78.5 ± 10.3 | 75 ± 9/82 ± 11* | 77.4 ± 9.7/77.6 ± 10.1 | 76 ± 10/78 ± 10* | 75(68, 80)/80(70, 90)* | 70.8 ± 10.6/72.6 ± 12.0* | 79 ± 12/85 ± 12* |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.0 ± 1.3/8.5 ± 1.6 | 6.97 ± 3.16/7.25 ± 3.38* | 8.3 ± 2.2/7.4 ± 2.0 | 7.4 ± 1.4/7.7 ± 1.5* | 8.1 ± 1.2/9.0 ± 1.5* | 7.58 ± 1.45/7.85 ± 1.65* | 8.0 ± 1.5/8.3 ± 1.7* | 7.2(6.5, 9.0)/6.9(6.0, 8.3) | 8.1 ± 1.0/8.3 ± 1.0 | 8.3 ± 2.5/9.0 ± 2.3 |
| DD (years) | 14 ± 5/19 ± 11 | 10.0 ± 7.7/13.0 ± 8.2 | 7.4 ± 6.4/13.1 ± 8.8* | 13.3 ± 10.4/15.3 ± 10.5* | 35.8(22.8, 45.7)/30.1(24.4, 35.6) | 16.4 ± 11.3/18.3 ± 10.9 | 27 ± 15/27 ± 13 | 12(8, 18)/13(8, 21) | 10(6, 16)/15(8, 21) | 8(2, 15)/13(10, 20)* |
| TG (mmol/L) | 2.16 ± 2.10/1.99 ± 1.23 | 1.9 ± 1.0/2.1 ± 1.2* | – | 1.71 ± 0.99/1.88 ± 1.22* | 0.99(0.81, 1.24)/1.47(1.08, 2.24)* | 1.45(1.07, 2.05)/1.60(1.18, 2.25) | 1.24 ± 0.84/1.54 ± 1.00* | 1.5(1.1, 2.2)/1.7(1.2, 2.4) | 1.93(1.34, 2.73)/2.12(1.41, 2.95) | 1.34(1.03, 1.89)/1.74(1.23, 2.52) |
| TC (mmol/L) | 6.12 ± 1.73/5.43 ± 1.24 | 4.8 ± 1.1/4.7 ± 1.1 | 5.08 ± 1.33/5.89 ± 2.60 | 4.80 ± 1.05/4.74 ± 1.10 | 4.91 ± 0.94/5.29 ± 1.22* | 4.79 ± 1.02/4.78 ± 1.09 | 4.97 ± 0.98/5.12 ± 1.24* | 5.0(3.9, 5.8)/5.4(4.6, 6.4)* | 4.83 ± 1.07/4.81 ± 1.17 | 4.38(3.69, 5.44)/4.99(4.23, 5.97)* |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.66 ± 0.72/1.34 ± 0.44* | 1.3 ± 0.4/1.2 ± 0.4 | – | 1.28 ± 0.36/1.20 ± 0.35* | 1.51 ± 0.45/1.19 ± 0.41* | 1.27 ± 0.36/1.20 ± 0.36 | 1.58 ± 0.49/1.50 ± 0.52* | 1.0(0.8, 1.3)/1.1(0.8, 1.5) | 1.09 ± 0.29/1.03 ± 0.29 | 1.10(0.98, 1.34)/1.08(0.88, 1.31) |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.26 ± 1.19/3.08 ± 1.03 | 2.7 ± 0.9/2.6 ± 0.9 | – | 2.75 ± 0.88/2.69 ± 0.89 | 2.91 ± 0.91/3.26 ± 0.99* | 2.77 ± 0.86/2.73 ± 0.88 | 2.82 ± 0.83/2.95 ± 0.98* | 2.8(2.1, 3.4/3.3(2.6, 4.1)* | – | 2.74(1.98, 3.24)/2.80(2.30, 3.77) |
| DR (%) | 26/66* | 20/31* | 50.0/87.9* | 18.5/30.5 | – | 23.51/41.87* | 7.8/13.3* | 62/69 | 17.4/29.9 | 4.4/41.1* |
| DN (%) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 44.4/71.6* |
| CVD (%) | 13/38 | 31/39* | – | – | 19/17 | 33.54/45.69* | – | – | 39.8/48.1* | 8.9/7.4 |
Data are presented as percentages or medians (interquartile range) or mean ± SEM or mean ± SD. *means P < 0.05. NADRI normoalbuminuric diabetes with renal insufficiency, ADRI albuminuric diabetes with renal insufficiency, N number, BMI body mass index, HTN hypertension, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, DD diabetes duration, TG triglycerides, TC total cholesterol; HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, DR diabetic retinopathy, DN diabetic neuropathy, CVD cardiovascular disease