Table 2.
Comparison of NADRI with micro-ADRI and macro-ADRI in clinical and laboratory characteristics
| Items | MacIsaac 2004 [5] | Rigalleau 2007 [18] | An 2009 [57] | Thomas 2009 [23] | Ekinci 2013 [58] | Vistisen 2019 [20] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type 1 | Type 2 | ||||||
| N | 43/38/28 | 15/36/38 | 44/50/57 | 506/295/119 | 8/6/17 | 427/264/244 | 942/664/378 |
| Age (years) | 73 ± 1/72 ± 2/67 ± 2* | 68 ± 9 /65 ± 11/62 ± 13 | 59 ± 11 /57 ± 8/61 ± 9 | 73 ± 1/74 ± 1/71 ± 1 | 67 ± 2.0/69 ± 2.8/63 ± 2.0 | 65.0 ± 12.5/59.5 ± 13.4*/48.9 ± 13.2* | 70.5 ± 8.5/69.5 ± 9.3*/66.1 ± 10.5* |
| Female (%) | 56/45/18* | 66/52/29* | 77/66*/42* | 64/50/43 | 62.5/16.7/17.7 | 62.8/46.2/36.1 | 52.3/36.0/29.3 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.8 ± 1.0/29.3 ± 0.7/31.6 ± 1.4 | 27.0 ± 4.5/27.1 ± 4.5/26.7 ± 4.3 | 25.2 ± 2.6/23.9 ± 3.0/24.1 ± 2.8 | – | 34 ± 1.6/33 ± 2.7/31 ± 1.7 | 25.4 ± 4.6/25.1 ± 3.8/25.4 ± 4.2 | 30.4 ± 5.6/30.5 ± 5.7/30.7 ± 5.7 |
| Smoking (%) | 38/53/62 | 20/41/63* | 18/18/19 | 5/8*/13* | 0/50*/11.8 | 37.8/46.7/59.6 | 34.6/39.5/48.6 |
| HTN (%) | - | – | 36/52*/89* | – | – | – | – |
| SBP (mmHg) | 138 ± 3/147 ± 3/147 ± 3 | 143 ± 16/145 ± 19/149 ± 19 | – | 135 ± 1/134 ± 1/137 ± 2 | – | 137.8 ± 20.0/138.6 ± 22.5*/144.6 ± 20.3* | 136.8 ± 21.0/141.7 ± 21.5*/151.6 ± 23.7* |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75 ± 2/78 ± 1/77 ± 1 | 79 ± 8/79 ± 9/83 ± 10 | – | 75 ± 1/75 ± 1/76 ± 1 | – | 72.8 ± 10.3/74.0 ± 11.3*/80.3 ± 11.4* | 73.8 ± 11.2/75.7 ± 11.7*/79.2 ± 12.6* |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.3 ± 0.3/7.9 ± 0.2/7.9 ± 0.3 | 9.0 ± 1.3/8.6 ± 1.3/8.5 ± 2.0 | 7.0 ± 1.1/7.9 ± 1.2*/7.2 ± 1.2 | 7.0 ± 0.1/7.3 ± 0.1*/7.5 ± 0.2* | 6.8 ± 0.2/8.0 ± 0.5/7.3 ± 0.4 | 8.5 ± 1.3/8.8 ± 1.4*/9.2 ± 1.5* | 8.1 ± 1.6/8.3 ± 1.7*/8.6 ± 1.7* |
| DD (years) | 14 ± 1/16 ± 1/15 ± 2 | 14 ± 5/19 ± 12/19 ± 10 | 5.5 ± 2.3/9.3 ± 3.6*/19.5 ± 5.8* | 9 ± 1/11 ± 1/12 ± 1 | 12 ± 2.4/12 ± 3.5/18 ± 2.1 | 32.2(22.6, 42.8)/34.6(24.4, 42.6)/29.2(22.6, 37) | 12.8(7.6, 18.9)/13.6(7.8, 19.7)/14.5(8.7, 19.6) |
| TG (mmol/L) | (1.9 X/ ÷ 1.1)/ (1.8 X/ ÷ 1.1)/ (2.0 X/ ÷ 1.1) | 2.16 ± 2.10/1.76 ± 0.10/2.21 ± 1.39 | 1.67 ± 0.94/1.7 6 ± 0.90/1.75 ± 1.01 | 1.9 ± 0.1/2.0 ± 0.1/2.2 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.4/1.8 ± 0.3/2.5 ± 0.4 | 1.1(0.8, 1.6)/1.2(0.9, 1.8)*/1.5(1.0, 2.2)* | 1.8(1.3, 2.7)/2.0(1.4, 3.0)*/2.2(1.6, 3.2)* |
| TC (mg/dL) | 4.4 ± 0.2/4.5 ± 0.2/4.3 ± 0.2 | 6.13 ± 1.73/5.25 ± 0.98/5.59 ± 1.45 | 4.42 ± 1.03/4.37 ± 0.91/4.60 ± 0.98 | - | 4.4 ± 0.2/4.1 ± 0.4/4.7 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 1.1/4.9 ± 1.1/5.5 ± 1.3 | 4.6 ± 1.2/4.6 ± 1.2/5.1 ± 1.5 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 1.15 ± 0.05/1.19 ± 0.06/0.97 ± 0.05 | 1.66 ± 0.72/1.45 ± 0.49/1.27 ± 0.3* | 1.19 ± 0.31/1.16 ± 0.28/1.14 ± 0.26 | 1.2 ± 0.1/1.3 ± 0.1/1.4 ± 0.1 | - | 1.8 ± 0.6/1.7 ± 0.6*/1.6 ± 0.6* | 1.3 ± 0.4/1.2 ± 0 .4*/1.2 ± 0.4* |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 2.6 ± 0.1/2.8 ± 0.1/2.5 ± 0.2 | 3.26 ± 1.19/2.95 ± 0.83/3.23 ± 1.22 | 2.46 ± 0.83/2.38 ± 0.85/2.64 ± 0.67 | 2.4 ± 0.1/2.3 ± 0.1/2.2 ± 0.1 | - | 2.7 ± 0.9/2.5 ± 0.9/3.1 ± 1.0 | 2.4 ± 1.0/2.4 ± 1.0/2.8 ± 1.3 |
| DR (%) | 26/50/41 | 26/61*/71* | 15/56*/81* | 10 ± 1/17 ± 2*/25 ± 4* | 50/50/76.5 | 80/91/96.1 | 53.6/65.1/74.8 |
| DN (%) | 21/27/18 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| CVD (%) | – | 13/31/46 | 18/20/32 | 7 ± 1/14 ± 2*/8 ± 2 | – | – | – |
Data are presented as percentages or medians (interquartile range) or mean ± SEM or mean ± SD or geometric mean X/ ÷ tolerance factor.* means P < 0.05 versus the normoalbuminuric diabetes with renal insufficiency. NADRI: normoalbuminuric diabetes with renal insufficiency; micro-ADRI: micro-albuminuric diabetes with renal insufficiency; macro-ADRI: macro-albuminuric diabetes with renal insufficiency; N: number; BMI: body mass index; HTN: hypertension; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; DD: diabetes duration; TG: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; DR: diabetic retinopathy; DN: diabetic neuropathy; CVD: cardiovascular disease