Table 2.

Anti-DILI effect and mechanism of polysaccharides in natural medicines

No.	Natural medicine	Bioactive components	Mechanisms	The species investigated	References
1	Fucus vesiculosus	Polysaccharide	Inhibits the overexpression of CYP2E1 and reduces apoptosis caused by Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3. Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory	Pre-clinical model: Male SD rats(6-week-old)	[102]
2	Schisandra chinensis (Turcz) Baill	Polysaccharide	Up-regulate GSH and Nrf2, reduce the level of MDA. Anti-oxidant	Pre-clinical model: Male ICR mice (20–23 g)	[103]
3	Artemisia argyi Levl.et Vant	Polysaccharide	Increased blood glucose concentration indicators, hepatocyte protection	Pre-clinical model: Healthy adult rabbit	[104]
4	Millettia pulchra Kurz var-laxior (Dunn) Z.Wei	Polysaccharide	Attenuating free radical injury and inhibiting lipid peroxidation and lowering release of inflammatory factors; Reduce liver damage and activate the anti-oxidant defense system	Pre-clinical model: Healthy Kunming mice, half male and half male (18–20 g); Kunming SPF mice, half male and half male (18–20 g); Kunming SPF mice (18–20 g)	[105–107]
5	Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels	Polysaccharide	Anti-oxidative	Pre-clinical model: Male ICR mice (35–40 g) and SD rats (120–150 g)	[92]
6	Sophorae tonkinensis Radix (S. tonkinensis)	Polysaccharide	Anti-oxidative	Pre-clinical model: Male ICR mice (25–30 g)	[108]
7	Sargassum	polysaccharide	Anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic	Pre-clinical model: Male SD rats	[109]
8	Sargassum polycystum	Polysaccharide	Confirmed the effectiveness of the crude polysaccharide against acetaminophen-induced abnormality in rats	Pre-clinical model: Male albino Wistar rats (120–150 g)	[110]
9	Aureobasidium sp.	β-glucan	The increase of ALT and AST has a significant inhibitory effect	Pre-clinical model: Specific pathogen-free Balb/c mice (6–7 weeks)	[111]
10	Sagittaria sagittifolia L	Polysaccharides	Activation of NRF2 and its target antioxidant enzymes and inhibition of the expression of CYPs	Pre-clinical model: Sixty male BALB/c mice (18–22 g)	[112]
11	Dicliptera Chinensis (L.)Nees	Polysaccharide	Anti-inflammatory	Pre-clinical model: 60 SPF Kunming mice, (18–22 g), half male and half female	[113]
12	Mangifera indica L	Polysaccharide	Anti-oxidative	Pre-clinical model: Adult male albino Wistar rats (145–155 g)	[114]
13	M. chinensis Maxim cv. jiangxiangru	The Polysaccharide contains 11% uronic acid and 9% protein, and the polysaccharide part contains rhamnose, ara It is composed of primary sugar, mannose, glucose and galactose, and the molar ratio of monosaccharides is 5.3: 12.3: 3.4: 12.2: 32.6: 30.6	Anti-oxidative	Pre-clinical model: KM mice (8 weeks old, 20 ± 2 g)	[115]
14	Polygonum Cillinerve (Nakai) Ohwi	Polysaccharide	Anti-oxidative	Pre-clinical model: ICR mice (8 weeks old, 20 ± 2 g)	[116]
15	Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz	Polysaccharide	TLR4 signaling pathway	Pre-clinical model: Healthy 1-day-old Magang goslings	[117]
16	Eucommia ulmoides Oliv	Polysaccharide	Decline in ALT, AST, MDA, SOD values	Pre-clinical model: Kunming clean grade, 60 mice, weight (8 weeks old 21 ± 4) g, half male and half male	[118]
17	Ostrea plicatula Gmelin	Crude polysaccharide	Activation the Nrf2-ARE pathway and anti-oxidative stress	Pre-clinical model: Male BALB/c mice, (6 weeks old)	[119]
18	Phellinus linteus	Polysaccharide	Anti-oxidative	Pre-clinical model: Kunming female mice (5 weeks old, 22–30 g)	[120]
19	Polygonatum sibiricum	Crude polysaccharide	Anti-oxidative	Pre-clinical model: 40 clean-grade SD rats, half male and half male, (160–180 g)	[97]
20	Cordyceps militaris link	Polysaccharide	Anti-oxidative	Pre-clinical model: ICR male mice (30 ± 2 g)	[121]
21	Cordyceps cicadae	Polysaccharide	Anti-oxidative, scavenging free radicals	Pre-clinical model: Kunming mice (20 ± 2 g)	[122]
22	Sagittaria Sagittifolia L	Polysaccharide	Inhibition on CYP2E1 and CYP3A4	Pre-clinical model: Human HepG 2 cell	[123]
23	Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc	Polysaccharide	Improving hepatic antioxidant capacity via NRF2/ARE pathway and regulating inflammation response	Pre-clinical model: Mail SPF Kunming mice (20–22 g)	[124]
24	Seaweed	Polysaccharide	Up-regulate the expression of Ntcp	Pre-clinical model: Wistar male rat (200–220 g)	[125]
25	Hippophae rhamnoides Linn	Polysaccharide	Suppressed the expression of TLR4 and p-JNK	Pre-clinical model: Male C57BL/6 mice (8 weeks old)	[126]
26	Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus	Polysaccharide	Anti-oxidative	Pre-clinical model: SD SPF rat, grade, for both sexes (200–220 g)	[127]
27	Panar japonicas C.A. Mey	Neutral polysaccharide (70.61%); uronic acid (15.89%)	Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory	Pre-clinical model: Kunming SPF male mice (20–22 g)	[128]
28	Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo	Polysaccharide	Suppressing the oxidative stress and activating the Nrf2 − Keap1 signaling pathway	Pre-clinical model: Male ICR mice (6–8 weeks old)	[129]
29	Inonotus obliquus	Polysaccharide (98%)	Anti-oxidative	Pre-clinical model: 40 clean-grade mice (20–25 g)	[130]
30	Poria cocos	Polysaccharide	Suppressing inflammatory response and apoptosis in liver cells	Pre-clinical model: Male Kunming mice (6–7 weeks old, 18–22 g)	[131]
31	Schisandra chinensis (Turcz) Baill	Polysaccharide	Inhibition of hepatocyte apoptosis	Pre-clinical model: ICR male mice (19–22 g)	[132]
32	Pleurotus citrinopileatus Sing	Polysaccharide	Regulate activity of CYP2E1 and CYP3A	Pre-clinical model: KM mouse, half male and half female (20–22 g)	[133]
33	Morus alba L.	Total polysaccharides	Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammation	Pre-clinical model: Kunming SPF male (8 weeks old, 18–23 g)	[134]
34	Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz	Polysaccharide	Reduce transaminase activity, lower ALT, AST	Pre-clinical model: KM male mice (27–30 g)	[135]