Table 3.

Adjusted ecological association of the rate of CV medications use with COVID-19 confirmed case rate

Impact factor	Direct (county-own) effect		Indirect (spillover) effect
	Marginal effect (95% CI)	p value	Marginal effect (95% CI)	p value
ACEI	+0.027 (−1.080 to 1.134)	0.962	+0.26 (−70.0 to 70.5)	0.994
ARB	+0.029 (−0.803 to 0.862)	0.945	+0.19 (−52.8 to 53.2)	0.994
Lipid-lowering drugs	+0.007 (−1.459 to 1.474)	0.992	−0.76 (−93.5 to 92.0)	0.987
CCB dihydropyridine	+0.019 (0.0008 to 0.037)	0.041	−0.21 (−1.79 to 1.37)	0.796
CCB nondihydropyridine	+0.014 (0.005 to 0.023)	0.002	−0.20 (−0.90 to 0.50)	0.574
Beta blockers	+0.020 (−0.070 to 0.110)	0.666	−0.09 (−6.23 to 6.05)	0.977
Alpha blockers	+0.015 (0.006 to 0.024)	0.001	−0.221 (−0.796 to 0.353)	0.450
Alpha and beta blockers	+0.017 (0.005 to 0.028)	0.005	−0.23 (−1.29 to 0.83)	0.675
Aldosterone antagonists	+0.016 (−0.005 to 0.036)	0.138	−0.34 (−1.96 to 1.28)	0.680
Anticoagulants	+0.019 (0.010 to 0.028)	<0.0001	−0.21 (−0.84 to 0.41)	0.503
Antiplatelets	+0.019 (−0.020 to 0.058)	0.331	−0.17 (−3.05 to 2.71)	0.909
AAD class I	+0.009 (0.003 to 0.015)	0.002	−0.06 (−0.57 to 0.45)	0.817
AAD class III	+0.013 (−0.028 to 0.054)	0.538	−0.31 (−3.25 to 2.63)	0.837
AAD class V	+0.013 (−0.030 to 0.055)	0.553	−0.19 (−3.07 to 2.69)	0.897
Vasodilators	+0.009 (0.005 to 0.014)	<0.0001	−0.14 (−0.70 to 0.42)	0.615
Central	+0.014 (−0.0005 to 0.029)	0.058	−0.17 (−1.43 to 1.09)	0.793
Loop diuretics	+0.015 (−0.043 to 0.073)	0.615	−0.35 (−4.42 to 3.72)	0.866
Thiazides, other diuretics	+0.019 (0.006 to 0.032)	0.005	−0.28 (−1.54 to 0.98)	0.661
Insulins	+0.018 (0.008 to 0.028)	<0.0001	−0.25 (−1.03 to 0.53)	0.532
Oral hypoglycemic drugs	+0.022 (−0.268 to 0.311)	0.881	−0.003 (−18.7 to 18.7)	1.000

AAD = antiarrhythmic drug; ACEI = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB = calcium channel blocker; CI = confidence interval.

Statistically significant findings (p<0.05) are highlighted by Bold.