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. 2021 Dec 6;13:225–234. doi: 10.2147/CPAA.S331660

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© 2021 Latarissa et al.

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Mechanism of Quinine Sulfate as an antiviral agent. Reproduced from Nugraha RV, Ridwansyah H, Ghozali M, Khairani AF, Atik N. Traditional herbal medicine candidates as complementary treatments for COVID-19: a review of their mechanisms, pros and cons. Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2020;2020:1–12. doi:10.1155/2020/2560645.51

Abbreviations: ACE-2, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2; INF-α, Interferon-α; PRR, Pattern Recognition Receptor; RIG-I, Retinoic acid-Inducible Gene I; PKA, Protein Kinase A.