Table 1.
Selective Survey of Applications of the Dynamical Paradigm (1972–2020)
| Year | Authors | Physiology | Molecular Mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1972 | Goldbeter and Lefever [16] | Glycolytic oscillations in yeast cells | Allosteric regulation of phosphofructokinase |
| 1977 | Mackey and Glass [17] | Pathological oscillations in blood cell counts | Negative feedback on gene expression |
| 1980 | Goldbeter and Segel [18] | Developmental transitions in the cAMP signaling system | Control of cAMP level by adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase |
| 1987 | Martiel and Goldbeter [31] | cAMP oscillations in Dictyostelium cells | Receptor desensitization in the cAMP signaling system |
| 1989 | Edgar et al. [32] | Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryos | Bistability generated by mutual inhibition of pair-rule genes |
| 1991 | Tyson [33] | Mitotic division cycles in fission yeast cells | Cyclin-dependent kinase regulation by Wee1, Cdc25, and APC/C |
| 1995 | Bertram et al. [34] | Bursting oscillations of pancreatic β cells | Fast inward Ca2+ current and slow outward K+ current |
| 1998 | Borisuk and Tyson [35] | Maturation and early division cycles in frog eggs | Regulation of activity of M phase-promoting factor (MPF) |
| 2004 | Battogtokh and Tyson [36] | Cell division cycles in budding yeast | Cdk1 regulation by cyclin synthesis and degradation |
| 2004 | Yates et al. [37] | Differentiation of Th1 and Th2 helper T cells | Expression of the master regulators Tbet and GATA3 |
| 2005 | Ciliberto et al. [38] | Oscillations in the p53/Mdm2 network | Positive and negative feedback loops create oscillations of p53 |
| 2005 | Ma et al. [39] | Digital response of p53 to DNA damage | Influence of double-strand breaks on p53 oscillations |
| 2006 | Legewie et al. [40] | Programmed cell death (apoptosis) | Inhibition of caspase-3 by IAPs (inhibitors of apoptosis) |
| 2007 | Dodd et al. [41] | Epigenetic memory by nucleosome modification | Positive feedback and cooperativity provide epigenetic memory |
| 2008 | van den Ham and de Boer [42] |
Differentiation of helper T cells (Th1, Th2, Th17, …) | Expression of multiple master regulators |
| 2008 | Yao et al. [43] | The restriction point in the G1 phase of the mammalian cell cycle | A bistable E2F–Rb switch underlies the decision between quiescence and proliferation |
| 2012 | Hong et al. [44] | Heterogeneous differentiation of CD4+ T cells | Positive and double-negative feedback signals among the master-regulatory transcription factors |
| 2012 | Okaz et al. [45] | Yeast meiotic prophase–metaphase transition | Positive and double-negative feedback controlling entry into metaphase I |
| 2013 | Binder et al. [46] | Transcriptional regulation by histone modifications | Chromatin reorganization during cell differentiation |
| 2014 | Zhang et al. [47] | Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human breast cells | Double-negative feedback loops between SNAIL1 and miR-34, and between ZEB1 and miR-200 |
| 2016 | Barr et al. [48] | G1/S transition of human cells | A bistable switch controlling the initiation of DNA replication |
| 2016 | Mochida et al. [49] | Regulation of Cdk1-counteracting protein phosphatase | Bistability of the Greatwall–ENSA–PP2A:B55 pathway |
| 2016 | Kunche et al. [50] | Self-organizing morphogenesis | Positive and negative diffusible signals acting on tissue progenitor cells |
| 2016 | Tian et al. [51] | Cell fate decisions | Reciprocal regulation of mRNA and microRNA enables bistability |
| 2018 | Rata et al. [52] | Mitotic control in mammalian cells | Two interlinked bistable switches |
| 2019 | Nijhout et al. [53] | Robustness of homeostatic mechanisms in development | One-carbon metabolism: folate cycle, methionine cycle, and glutathione synthesis |
| 2020 | Heldt et al. [19] | Multiple-fission cycles in green alga cells | Cdk1 regulation by a bistable switch and a mitotic oscillator |