Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics
| White (44.4%) |
Asian (31.2%) |
Black (5.9%) |
Hispanic (18.5%) |
Chi-squared |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | p | |
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Married or living as married | 372 | 97.3 | 263 | 96.3 | 39 | 65.6 | 146 | 84.8 | <0.001 |
| Single, separated, divorced, widowed | 11 | 2.8 | 14 | 3.7 | 24 | 34.4 | 31 | 15.2 | |
| Education | |||||||||
| High school/GED or less | 5 | 1.9 | 14 | 3.9 | 19 | 23.5 | 54 | 33.6 | <0.001 |
| Some college | 30 | 7.7 | 34 | 12.4 | 23 | 43.5 | 67 | 30.0 | |
| College graduate | 349 | 90.4 | 229 | 83.7 | 20 | 33.0 | 56 | 36.5 | |
| Other household children <5 | |||||||||
| None | 248 | 66.3 | 168 | 61.7 | 37 | 56.9 | 94 | 51.8 | 0.052 |
| 1 or more | 128 | 33.7 | 100 | 38.3 | 24 | 43.1 | 76 | 48.2 | |
| Language spoken at home | |||||||||
| English | 356 | 92.1 | 168 | 62.5 | 58 | 93.0 | 116 | 58.6 | <0.001 |
| Other | 28 | 7.9 | 110 | 37.5 | 5 | 7.0 | 61 | 41.4 | |
| Nativity | |||||||||
| U.S. born | 53 | 85.2 | 166 | 43.1 | 6 | 89.3 | 72 | 56.9 | <0.001 |
| Foreign born | 333 | 14.8 | 115 | 56.9 | 57 | 10.7 | 106 | 43.1 | |
| Insurance during pregnancy | |||||||||
| Medi-Cal | 22 | 4.0 | 46 | 12.7 | 37 | 45.4 | 109 | 49.5 | <0.001 |
| Private/Other/Uninsured | 364 | 96.0 | 235 | 87.4 | 26 | 54.6 | 69 | 50.5 | |
| Job type | |||||||||
| Private for profit | 240 | 62.7 | 195 | 69.5 | 34 | 59.0 | 124 | 65.1 | 0.316 |
| Private nonprofit | 81 | 20.1 | 41 | 14.5 | 9 | 12.5 | 28 | 16.2 | |
| Public employee | 65 | 17.2 | 45 | 16.1 | 20 | 28.5 | 26 | 18.7 | |
| Job tenure | |||||||||
| Less than 6 months | 16 | 4.7 | 13 | 5.0 | 9 | 15.3 | 19 | 12.9 | <0.01 |
| Between 6 and 11 months | 30 | 8.0 | 38 | 12.2 | 13 | 17.1 | 29 | 17.8 | |
| Between 1 and 4 years | 189 | 48.6 | 138 | 50.3 | 29 | 48.2 | 88 | 45.8 | |
| 5 or more years | 146 | 38.6 | 91 | 32.5 | 10 | 19.3 | 39 | 23.5 | |
| Hours per week | |||||||||
| Less than 8 | 3 | 0.9 | 7 | 2.0 | 2 | 3.7 | 13 | 6.3 | <0.001 |
| Between 8 and 23 | 26 | 6.5 | 25 | 7.9 | 10 | 12.5 | 22 | 12.7 | |
| Between 24 and 35 | 41 | 10.5 | 37 | 11.9 | 18 | 32.1 | 45 | 22.7 | |
| More than 35 | 312 | 82.1 | 210 | 78.2 | 32 | 51.7 | 95 | 58.3 | |
| Work schedule | |||||||||
| Regular daytime | 325 | 85.0 | 229 | 84.2 | 45 | 69.6 | 131 | 74.3 | <0.01 |
| Regular evening/night shift | 13 | 3.5 | 14 | 4.7 | 6 | 5.8 | 22 | 12.1 | |
| Variable schedule | 46 | 11.6 | 36 | 11.1 | 12 | 24.5 | 25 | 13.6 | |
| Employer size | |||||||||
| <20 | 40 | 11.0 | 49 | 17.4 | 12 | 23.8 | 41 | 20.4 | <0.001 |
| 20–49 | 35 | 8.7 | 19 | 6.5 | 10 | 8.8 | 37 | 21.4 | |
| 50–99 | 26 | 6.5 | 17 | 5.5 | 6 | 10.6 | 18 | 9.3 | |
| 100–199 | 31 | 8.5 | 20 | 7.1 | 8 | 14.8 | 13 | 7.8 | |
| 200–499 | 41 | 10.8 | 23 | 8.6 | 9 | 13.9 | 12 | 6.3 | |
| 500 or more | 212 | 54.5 | 152 | 55.0 | 18 | 28.1 | 53 | 34.8 | |
| Employer location | |||||||||
| San Francisco | 198 | 50.0 | 143 | 47.0 | 33 | 50.9 | 64 | 31.6 | <0.01 |
| Other Bay Area | 187 | 50.0 | 137 | 53.0 | 30 | 49.1 | 110 | 68.4 | |
| Duration of leave | |||||||||
| <6 weeks | 11 | 3.3 | 13 | 5.0 | 5 | 5.8 | 10 | 8.8 | 0.1692 |
| 6–11 weeks | 36 | 11.2 | 39 | 15.0 | 6 | 7.7 | 20 | 9.8 | |
| 12+ weeks | 285 | 85.5 | 198 | 80.1 | 43 | 86.5 | 114 | 81.4 | |
| Percent of usual pay received | |||||||||
| <50% | 44 | 12.7 | 51 | 20.7 | 20 | 29.6 | 44 | 33.0 | <0.001 |
| 50–99% | 184 | 53.0 | 113 | 46.2 | 28 | 52.9 | 60 | 34.9 | |
| 100% | 120 | 34.3 | 85 | 33.2 | 10 | 17.5 | 40 | 32.1 | |
| Government pay duration | |||||||||
| None | 64 | 19.3 | 51 | 23 | 22 | 46.6 | 39 | 36.2 | <0.001 |
| 1–11 weeks | 28 | 9.6 | 33 | 12.5 | 3 | 4.2 | 20 | 12.3 | |
| 12–14 weeks | 236 | 71.2 | 152 | 64.5 | 28 | 49.3 | 81 | 51.6 | |
| Employer pay duration | |||||||||
| None | 152 | 45.0 | 119 | 48.7 | 40 | 68.3 | 89 | 60.3 | <0.05 |
| 1–5 weeks | 21 | 5.8 | 16 | 6.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 13 | 6.6 | |
| 6–11 weeks | 60 | 18.8 | 49 | 19.0 | 8 | 18.7 | 22 | 16.1 | |
| 12+ weeks | 107 | 30.3 | 67 | 25.9 | 9 | 13.0 | 24 | 17.0 | |
The p-values in this table represent results from weighted chi-squared tests. (Because of the complex sample design, the Pearson chi square was transformed to an F statistic with approximate degrees of freedom to find the p-value.)
GED, General Education Development.