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. 2021 Dec 11;14:54. doi: 10.1186/s13072-021-00428-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Male–female differences in expression observed in autosomal and X-linked genes. A Volcano plot of the differential expression analysis between males and females in autosomal genes (lung). For each gene, p values obtained from the Welch t tests are plotted on the y axis, and the log fold change in gene expression between sexes is plotted on the x axis. Genes that met the statistical cutoff of FDR < 0.05 are labeled. Among the five statistically significant genes (NLRP2, REEP6, CEACAM6, CIT, and SRP54) which showed decreased expression in males compared to the females, NLRP2 exhibited the highest change in expression. B Bar plot of log fold changes for X-linked genes which were differentially expressed between the sexes in the nasal epithelia and lung. An overlap of five sex-specific genes was observed between the two tissues, of which, XIST showed the highest log fold change in expression in females compared to males