Table 5.
Welch's ANOVA test of top CT lung features between COVID-19 positive and negative cases, and among different severity groups.
| Robust Tests of Equality of Means | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 against Radiologists (df1=1) |
COVID-19 against Nucleic Acid Test (df1=1) |
COVID-19 Severity (df1=2) |
|||||||
| High-throughput Lung Features | Stat. | df2 | Sig. | Stat. | df2 | Sig. | Stat. | df2 | Sig. |
| HLL_glcm_ClusterProminence | 43.06 | 340.89 | <0.001 | 61.80 | 604.97 | <0.001 | 30.86 | 472.32 | <0.001 |
| LHL_glcm_Idmn | 30.06 | 530.47 | <0.001 | 30.43 | 1198.09 | <0.001 | 18.10 | 540.37 | <0.001 |
| Maximum | 80.41 | 441.28 | <0.001 | 57.10 | 956.95 | <0.001 | 29.73 | 542.92 | <0.001 |
| Energy | 2.49 | 451.09 | 0.115 | <0.01 | 1096.54 | 0.986 | 10.52 | 514.79 | <0.001 |
| LLL_glcm_Imc1 | 409.21 | 668.77 | <0.001 | 167.23 | 1208.49 | <0.001 | 112.46 | 541.73 | <0.001 |
| HLL_glcm_Correlation | 29.58 | 512.00 | <0.001 | 1.65 | 1119.28 | 0.199 | 1.19 | 591.13 | 0.306 |
| LLH_glcm_Correlation | 3.89 | 604.49 | 0.049 | 7.79 | 1321.56 | 0.005 | 6.45 | 539.50 | 0.002 |
| LHH_glcm_ClusterShade | 77.59 | 393.65 | <0.001 | 114.05 | 817.28 | <0.001 | 75.90 | 529.59 | <0.001 |
| *LongRunLowGrayLevelEmphasis | 54.96 | 689.20 | <0.001 | 68.80 | 1306.63 | <0.001 | 37.82 | 489.17 | <0.001 |
| HLH_glcm_ClusterShade | 70.23 | 402.28 | <0.001 | 127.16 | 868.70 | <0.001 | 82.64 | 522.13 | <0.001 |
| Idn | 13.55 | 530.18 | <0.001 | 7.65 | 1158.71 | 0.006 | 6.35 | 546.89 | 0.002 |
| LLH_glcm_ClusterShade | 2.96 | 489.89 | 0.086 | 0.05 | 1191.24 | 0.832 | 0.21 | 595.76 | 0.807 |
| LargeAreaHighGrayLevelEmphasis | 1.07 | 537.72 | 0.300 | <0.01 | 1311.65 | 0.993 | 4.31 | 515.67 | 0.014 |
| *ShortRunHighGrayLevelEmphasis | 44.66 | 360.21 | <0.001 | 50.89 | 702.63 | <0.001 | 27.48 | 475.40 | <0.001 |
| Idmn | 8.63 | 534.83 | 0.003 | 0.72 | 1146.50 | 0.395 | 1.32 | 549.05 | 0.268 |
| GrayLevelVariance | 84.66 | 442.59 | <0.001 | 124.43 | 1030.40 | <0.001 | 63.26 | 582.43 | <0.001 |
| HHH_glcm_ClusterShade | 62.03 | 377.48 | <0.001 | 108.32 | 753.05 | <0.001 | 64.82 | 534.31 | <0.001 |
| LLL_glcm_Imc2 | 346.27 | 630.78 | <0.001 | 107.75 | 1178.31 | <0.001 | 93.34 | 546.17 | <0.001 |
| LLL_glrlm_RunEntropy | 47.48 | 548.11 | <0.001 | 2.72 | 1237.29 | 0.100 | 43.13 | 515.62 | <0.001 |
| LLH_glcm_ClusterProminence | 29.54 | 429.01 | <0.001 | 25.00 | 1032.16 | <0.001 | 14.92 | 598.86 | <0.001 |
| *DifferenceVariance | 129.02 | 383.67 | <0.001 | 143.71 | 792.11 | <0.001 | 71.98 | 567.16 | <0.001 |
| Imc2 | 279.23 | 651.74 | <0.001 | 48.15 | 1178.92 | <0.001 | 54.21 | 530.26 | <0.001 |
| LLL_glcm_Correlation | 171.47 | 512.35 | <0.001 | 173.88 | 1138.84 | <0.001 | 89.70 | 539.75 | <0.001 |
| Imc1 | 253.18 | 673.94 | <0.001 | 51.66 | 1208.52 | <0.001 | 42.87 | 533.73 | <0.001 |
Stat. Asymptotically F distributed; *LongRunLowGrayLevelEmphasis: HLH_glrlm_LongRunLowGrayLevelEmphasis.
*ShortRunHighGrayLevelEmphasis: LHH_glrlm_ShortRunHighGrayLevelEmphasis; *DifferenceVariance: HLL_glcm_DifferenceVariance.