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Antimicrobial dose-dependent effect of N-methylene phosphonic chitosan (NMPC). (A) The values represent the percentages of total spores/sporangia present in each sample after the incubation with different concentrations of NMPC for 24 h. Each value is the mean ± SD of at least 3 independent experiments. (B) Representative images are shown. Scale bars = 22 μm (upper panels), 15 μm (middle panels), 30 μm (lower panels).
