TABLE 2.
Some preclinical applications of PRP‐EVs in regenerative medicine
| Investigators and reference | Diseases | Animal model | Amount of administered PRP‐EVs | Underlining mechanisms and results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brill et al. (2005) 102 | Chronic myocardial ischemia | Rat myocardial infarction model | Platelet‐derived microparticles (250 μg/ml protein totally) | Platelet‐derived microparticles improve the revascularization after chronic ischemia |
| Li et al. (2021) 128 | Myocardial ischemia‐reperfusion | Mouse model of myocardial ischemia‐reperfusion (MI/R) | Platelet‐mimetic EVs (100 μg per mouse), every 7 days for up to 4 weeks | Engineering platelet extracellular vesicles enhance the angiogenesis potency |
| Ma et al. (2021) 129 | Atherosclerosis | ApoE‐KO mouse model | Platelet‐derived EVs (10 mg/kg) | Platelet‐derived extracellular vesicles loading with MCC950 reduce the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, lower the local inflammation, and inhibit proliferation of macrophages and T cells |
| Yao et al. (2019) 130 | Atherosclerosis | ApoE−/−high‐fat diet mice | Platelet exosomes (100 nM, every other day) | Platelet‐derived exosomes overexpressing miR−25‐3p attenuate inflammation |
| Mause et al. (2010) 131 | Vascular injury | Murine model of arterial wire‐induced injury | Angiogenic early outgrowth cells with platelet microparticles (30 μg protein/ml) | Platelet microparticles boost the potential of angiogenic early outgrowth cells to restore endothelial integrity |
| Lopez et al. (2019) 80 | Haemorrhagic shock | Rat model of uncontrolled bleeding | 7.8 × 109 platelet‐derived EVs resuspended in 3 ml of PBS +2 ml of PBS to flush the line | Platelet‐derived extracellular vesicles improve the outcome following severe trauma by maintaining hemodynamic stability and attenuating the development of ischemia, base deficit, and cardiovascular shock |
| Hayon et al. (2012) 103 | Cerebral ischemia (stroke) | Rats of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion | Available biodegradable polymer with platelet‐derived microparticles (10 μg/ml or 100 μg/ml) | Platelet‐derived microparticles promote cell proliferation, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis at the infarct boundary zone and significantly improved behavioural deficits |
| Guo et al. (2017) 66 | Chronic cutaneous wounds | Full‐thickness skin defects in diabetic rat model | Not mentioned | Platelet‐rich plasma‐derived exosomes contribute to angiogenesis through activation of Erk and Akt signalling pathways, and re‐epithelialization via activation of YAP |
| Xu et al. (2018) 132 | Diabetic skin wounds | Full‐thickness skin defects in diabetic rat model | Chitosan/silk hydrogel containing 100 μg PRP exosomes | Platelet‐rich plasma‐derived exosomes accelerate wound contraction, re‐epithelialization, collagen synthesis and deposition, along with dermal angiogenesis, thus resulting in faster wound healing |
| Tao et al. (2017) 65 | Osteonecrosis of the femoral head | Rats with steroid‐induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head | 100 μg PRP‐derived exosomes | Platelet‐rich plasma‐derived exosomes have the capability to prevent cell apoptosis in osteonecrosis of the femoral head by promoting Bcl‐2 expression via the Akt/Bad/Bcl‐2 signal pathway |
| Liu et al. (2019) 133 | Osteoarthritis | Osteoarthritis rabbit model | 100 μg/ml PRP‐derived exosomes once a week | Platelet‐rich plasma‐derived exosomes repair osteoarthritis by activating the Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway |
| Ma et al. (2020) 122 | Acute lung injury | Acute lung injury mice | 12.6 mg/kg platelet‐derived EVs | Platelet‐derived extracellular vesicles loading with TPCA‐1 reduce the cytokine storm syndromes |