FIGURE 3.

A schematic illustration of the hypothesis for explanation of controversial effects of ELF‐EMF on apoptosis. Upper side: ELF‐EMF exposure prior to treatment with the apoptosis‐inducing agent will result in activation of cellular defence system and alteration in expression of a number of genes which, in next place, will end in promotion of DNA repair system, ROS detoxification system and Ca²⁺ homeostasis through production of new protective proteins and antioxidative enzymes or restoration of antioxidative stress molecule reservoirs such as glutathione and so on. In next place, upon introduction of the apoptosis‐inducing agent, cells will defend themselves with robust protective system and consequently, lower rate of apoptosis will occur. Lower side: Contrarily, ELF‐EMF co‐treatment with or immediately after chemotherapeutic agent will enhance the rate of injury by ROS overproduction or unbalancing Ca²⁺ homeostasis which will end in promotion of apoptosis