TABLE 2.

Consequence of different sequential ELF‐EMF/stressor exposure on induction of apoptosis

Classification of studies		ELF‐EMF treatment	Cell line	Agent co‐used (co‐stressor)	Interaction
ELF‐EMF exposure prior to co‐stressor
Kaszuba‐Zwoinska et al. 10	Pulsed electromagnetic field	50 Hz, 45 ± 5 mT, 4 h/stimulation, 3 times in 24 h	Monocytic cell line MonoMac6	Minocycline puromycin, colchicine, cyclophosphamide, hydrogen peroxide	Diminished amount of apoptotic and necrotic cells; enhanced expression of gene belonging to pro‐apoptotic family of Bcl‐2 and AIF agent (antagonism)
Harland et al. 210	Environmental‐level magnetic fields	60 Hz, 1.2 µT 6 days	MCF‐7	Tamoxifen Melatonin	Significantly block the growth inhibitory action (antagonism)
Palumbo et al. 14	ELF‐EMF	Intermittent 50 Hz, 1 mT; 1 h	Jurkat cells	Anti‐Fas	Significant decrease of anti‐Fas‐induced apoptosis (antagonism)
Mansourian et al. 16	Static (DC) magnetic fields	93.25–159.4 µT; 10 min	Erythroleukaemia K562	Electrochemotherapy	Can incur resistance of the cells in response to electric pulses (antagonist)
Falone et al. 196	ELF‐EMF	75 Hz, 1 mT 5–10 days	SH‐SY5Y human neuroblastoma	H2O2 Doxorubicin	Reduced vulnerability against both H2O2 and ROS‐generating doxorubicin (antagonism)
De Nicola et al. 13	ELF‐EMF	100 mT,N/A; 4 h	U937 cells	Puromycin	Protect U937 from apoptosis (antagonist)
Osera et al. 107	Pulsed EMF	75 Hz, 2 mT 40 min	SH‐SY5Y cell line	H2O2	Protected SH‐SY5Y cell line (antagonist)
Falone et al. 193	ELF‐EMF	75 Hz, 2 mT	SK‐N‐BE(2) neuroblastoma	H2O2	Reduced vulnerability against H2O2 (antagonist)
Simultaneous exposure to ELF‐EMF and co‐stressor
Marcantonio et al. 211	ELF‐EMF	50 Hz, 1 mT 24–72 h	Neuroblastoma BE(2)C	All trans retinoic acid (ATRA)	Decreased cellular proliferation and increased proportion of G0/G1 phase cells (potentiation)
Kaszuba‐Zwoinska et al. 10	Pulsed EMF	50 Hz, 45 ± 5 mT 12 h	Neuroblastoma (U937)	Puromycin Cyclophosphamide H2O2 Colchicine	PEMF protects U937 cells against puromycin‐induced cell death (antagonism)
Baharara et al. 10	ELF‐EMF	50 Hz, 20 mT 2 h	A2780 ovarian cancer cells	Cisplatin	Increased apoptotic as well as necrotic cells (potentiation)
Ding et al. 8	ELF‐EMF	60 Hz, 5 mT 24 h	Leukaemia HL‐60	H2O2	Changes generated by the ELF‐EMF can make resistant cells sensitive (potentiation)
Liburdy et al. 191	DC Fields	12–50 Hz, 6.5 mT	MCF‐7	Melatonin	Increased the number of apoptotic and necrotic cells (potentiation)
Cid et al. 15	ELF‐EMF	50 Hz, 10 µT 90 h	HepG2	Melatonin	Enhancement of proliferation by blocking melatonin's oncostatic action (antagonism)
Pirozzoli et al. 12	ELF‐EMF	50 Hz, 1 mT 3 days	Neuroblastoma cell line LAN‐5	Camptothecin	Enhancement of proliferation by blocking melatonin's oncostatic action (antagonism)
Brisdelli et al. 17	ELF‐EMF	50 Hz, 1 mT 72 h	K562 cells	Quercetin	Protective effect towards apoptosis only at 24 h exposure (antagonism)
ELF‐EMF exposure following co‐stressor
Jian et al. 9	Intermittent	100 Hz, 0.7 mT 1–3 h	BEL‐7402	X‐ray radiotherapy	Significantly higher apoptosis rates (potentiation)
Ruiz‐Gomez et al. 212	Pulsed EMF	1–25 Hz, 1.5 mT; 1 h	Human colon adenocarcinoma (HCA)	Vincristine Mitomycin Cisplatin	Increased cytotoxicity (potentiation)