Table 1.
Environmental Context Variables Currently Linked in the ABCD Study for baseline data(Year 1). Asterisk (*) indicates that this measure is available starting in Release 4.0.
| Domain | Measure | Description | Temporal Domain of Data | Spatial Resolution of Data | Citation or Data Source | Descriptive Statistics of ABCD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Built Environment Variables | ||||||
| Laws and Biases | Race Bias | Composite of multiple multi decade surveys tapping implicit and explicit attitudes at a state-wide level. | 2016 | State | Hatzenbuehler et al. (2021) | Range: -1.98–1.11 Mean (SD): -0.18 (0.74) |
| Gender Bias | Composite of multiple multi decade surveys tapping implicit and explicit attitudes as well as data on women’s economic and political status. | 2016 | State | Hatzenbuehler et al. (2021) | Range: -1.84–1.27 Mean (SD): -0.25 (0.90) |
|
| Ethnicity Bias | Composite of multiple multi decade surveys tapping implicit and explicit attitudes as well as data on state-level immigration policies. | 2016 | State | Hatzenbuehler et al. (2021) | Range: -1.75–0.64 Mean (SD): -0.48 (0.69) |
|
| Marijuana Laws | Categorization of current marijuana status as recreational, medicinal, low THC/CBD, or no legal access. | 2016 | State | http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx and https://www.mpp.org/states/ | Proportion: 0.25 recreational 0.45 medical 0.29 low T/C 0.01 not legal |
|
| Urbanization | Gross Residential Density | Housing units per acre from EPA’s Smart Location Database. | Estimate from 2010 | Census Tract | Ramsey and Bell, 2014a2014, Ramsey and Bell, 2014b | Range: 0–219 Mean (SD): 3.96 (7.00) |
| Population Density | Population Count Adjusted to Match 2015 Revision of UN WPP Country Totals in persons per 1 km2. | Estimate from 2010 | Census Tract | https://beta.sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/gpw-v4-population-density-adjusted-to-2015-unwpp-country-totals | Range: 0–60283 Mean (SD): 2189 (2658) |
|
| Urban Area | Categorical measure of whether a census block is “urban” (2500 or more people) or “rural” (less than 2500 people). | Estimate from 2010 | Census Tract | https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/about/faq/2010-urban-area-faq.html | Proportion: 0.09 Rural 0.03 Urban Clusters 0.87 Urbanized |
|
| National Walkability Index | Composite index ranking census block groups according to their walkability. | Estimate from 2010 | Census Tract | https://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/smart-location-mapping#walkability | Range: 1.17–19.83 Mean (SD): 10.67 (4.07) |
|
| Traffic | Traffic counts modeled at the 1 km2 resolution. | Estimate from 2016 | Address Point | https://downloads.esri.com/esri_content_doc/dbl/us/Kalibrate_TrafficMetrixManual_Version140.pdf | Range: 0–157,145 Mean (SD): 12793 (11869) |
|
| Proximity to Roads | Number of meters away from major road or highway. | Estimate from 2016 | Address Point | https://nationalmap.gov/small_scale/mld/1roadsl.html | Range: 0.01–34314.62 Mean (SD): 1187 (1283) |
|
| Neighborhood Quality | Area Deprivation Index (ADI) | Composite index of a census tract’s socioeconomic disadvantage based on income, education, employment, and housing quality using data from the American Community Survey. | Average of annual estimates spanning 2010–2014 | Census Tract | Kind et al. (2014) | Weighted Sum - Range: 0–125.8 Mean (SD): 93.73 (23.22) |
| Social Vulnerability Index (SVI)* | Composite index of 15 census variables indicating an area’s potential need for support following a disaster. | Average of annual estimates spanning 2014–2018 | Census Tract | Flanagan et al. (2011) | Total Score - Range: 0–1 Mean (SD): 0.42 (0.30) |
|
| Opportunity Atlas (OA)* | Estimate of income in adulthood based on the Opportunity Atlas childhood census blocks for children born 1978–1983. | Average of annual estimates between 2014 and 2015 | Census Tract | https://www.opportunityatlas.org/ | Avg Score - Range: 0.22–0.78 Mean (SD): 0.52 (0.10) |
|
| Child Opportunity Index (COI) 2.0 * | Composite index of 29 variables tapping neighborhood conditions relevant to healthy child development. | Estimate from 2015 | Census Tract | Acevedo-Garcia et al. (2020) | Nationally normed overall COI - Range: 1–100 Mean (SD): 60.4 (30.5) |
|
| Crime | County level counts of arrests and offences from Uniform Crime Reporting Program Data. | 3 years average from 2010 | County | http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR33523.v2 | Grand total - Range: 0–348049 Mean (SD): 53268 (86316) |
|
| Lead Risk | Imputed estimate of lead exposure based on age of homes and poverty levels in census tract. | Average of annual estimates spanning 2010–2014 | Census Tract | Washington Tracking Network, Washington State Department of Health. Childhood lead risk map. https://fortress.wa.gov/doh/wtn/WTNPortal/ | Range: 0–10 Mean (SD): 5 (3.1) |
|
| Natural Environment Variables | ||||||
| Air Quality | Fine particulate (PM2.5) | Spatio-temporal model predictions measured in μg/m3 at 1 km2 resolution. | Annual average of daily estimates, maximum and minimum daily level in 2016 | Address Point | Di et al. (2019) | Range: 1.72–15.90 Mean (SD): 7.65 (1.58) |
| Nitrous dioxide (NO2) | Spatio-temporal model predictions measured in ppb (parts per billion) at 1 km2 resolution. | Annual average of daily estimates, maximum and minimum daily level in 2016 | Address Point | Di et al. (2020) | Range: 1.99–37.94 Mean (SD): 18.87 (6.03) |
|
| Ozone (O3) | Spatio-temporal model predictions measured in ppb (parts per billion) at 1 km2 resolution. | Annual average of daily estimates, maximum and minimum daily level in 2016 | Address Point | Requia et al. (2020) | Range: 29.85–54.27 Mean (SD): 41.66 (4.40) |
|
| Elevation and Climate | Elevation | Meters above sea level. | 2016 | Address Point | https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/elevation/overview | Range: 0–2621 Mean (SD): 341.1 (501.7) |
| Temperature* | Maximum daily temperature (degrees Celsius) of seven days prior to MRI scan at 4 m2 resolution. | Daily estimates linked to multiple days prior to visit from January 2016 – June 2020 | Address Point | Daly et al. (2015) | Range: -19–45.6 Mean (SD): 21.7 (9.9) |
|
| Humidity* | Maximum daily vapor pressure deficit (hectopascals, hPa) of seven days prior to MRI scan at 4 m2 resolution. | Daily estimates linked to multiple days prior to visit from January 2016 – June 2020 | Address Point | Daly et al. (2015) | Range: 0–93.3 Mean (SD): 15.8 (10.6) |
|