Table 3.
Associations between COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy transformations and sociodemographic, awareness of COVID-19 pandemic, COVID-19 vaccine exception, and trust in healthcare system.
| Covariates | Acceptance to hesitancy | Hesitancy to acceptance | Hesitancy to hesitancy | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| Sociodemographic | ||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 18–29 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| 30–39 | 0.60 (0.52–0.68)* | 0.72 (0.61–0.86)* | 0.63 (0.56–0.72)* | 0.73 (0.61–0.87)* | 0.54 (0.48–0.61)* | 0.75 (0.64–0.89)* |
| 40–49 | 0.34 (0.26–0.45)* | 0.51 (0.37–0.70)* | 0.41 (0.32–0.53)* | 0.65 (0.48–0.89)* | 0.37 (0.30–0.47)* | 0.72 (0.54–0.96)* |
| 50–59 | 0.49 (0.33–0.72)* | 0.74 (0.47–1.14) | 0.39 (0.26–0.61)* | 0.60 (0.37–0.99)* | 0.76 (0.58–1.00)* | 1.08 (0.76–1.55) |
| 60– | 0.68 (0.35–1.33) | 0.64 (0.30–1.39) | 1.09 (0.63–1.87) | 0.97 (0.50–1.88) | 1.17 (0.75–1.84) | 0.79 (0.41–1.52) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Men | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Women | 0.48 (0.42–0.55)* | 0.77 (0.66–0.90)* | 0.45 (0.40–0.51)* | 0.78 (0.67–0.91)* | 0.41 (0.37–0.46)* | 0.74 (0.64–0.85)* |
| Educational status | ||||||
| Below high school | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| High school graduate | 0.35 (0.29–0.41)* | 0.62 (0.51–0.77)* | 0.33 (0.28–0.39)* | 0.66 (0.54–0.80)* | 0.30 (0.26–0.35)* | 0.64 (0.53–0.77)* |
| University graduate | 0.29 (0.25–0.33)* | 0.70 (0.58–0.85)* | 0.21 (0.18–0.24)* | 0.63 (0.52–0.77)* | 0.20 (0.18–0.23)* | 0.58 (0.48–0.70)* |
| Ethnic groups | ||||||
| Han | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Minority | 2.62 (2.10–3.26)* | 1.00 (0.76–1.31) | 3.60 (2.96–4.37)* | 1.13 (0.87–1.46)* | 3.49 (2.93–4.15)* | 0.99 (0.77–1.26) |
| Religion | ||||||
| Atheist | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Others | 3.02 (2.64–3.46)* | 1.17 (0.98–1.39) | 3.99 (3.51–4.55)* | 1.38 (1.15–1.64)* | 3.54 (3.16–3.98)* | 1.18 (1.00–1.40) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Others | 1.72 (1.52–1.94)* | 1.22 (1.04–1.43)* | 1.64 (1.45–1.85)* | 1.22 (1.04–1.44)* | 2.22 (2.00–2.47)* | 1.63 (1.40–1.88)* |
| Score of health condition | 0.97 (0.96–0.97)* | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.97 (0.96–0.97)* | 0.99 (0.99–1.00)* | 0.96 (0.96–0.97)* | 1.00 (0.99–1.00)* |
| Subjective social status | ||||||
| In China | 1.09 (1.06–1.12)* | 1.09 (1.05–1.12)* | 1.15 (1.11–1.18)* | 0.99 (0.94–1.05) | 1.05 (1.02–1.08)* | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) |
| In one’s community | 0.99 (0.99–1.00)* | 0.99 (0.99–1.00)* | 1.17 (1.13–1.20)* | 1.07 (1.01–1.13)* | 1.07 (1.04–1.09)* | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) |
| Chronic condition | ||||||
| 0 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| 1 | 3.76 (3.23–4.38)* | 1.46 (1.20–1.77)* | 4.90 (4.23–5.68)* | 1.47 (1.21–1.77)* | 5.78 (5.10–6.55)* | 1.99 (1.67–2.38)* |
| 2 | 5.06 (3.99–6.41)* | 1.37 (1.03–1.82)* | 5.83 (4.61–7.37)* | 1.08 (0.81–1.44) | 5.35 (4.31–6.64)* | 1.22 (0.92–1.62) |
| ≥3 | 5.26 (3.53–7.83)* | 1.04 (0.67–1.63) | 5.86 (3.93–8.74)* | 0.81 (0.52–1.27) | 5.89 (4.13–8.40)* | 0.94 (0.61–1.45) |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Current smoker | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Former smoker | 0.36 (0.27–0.49)* | 0.72 (0.51–1.01) | 0.51 (0.40–0.65)* | 1.13 (0.85–1.50) | 0.54 (0.44–0.67)* | 1.16 (0.88–1.52) |
| Never smoker | 0.20 (0.18–0.23)* | 0.72 (0.59–0.88)* | 0.12 (0.11–0.14)* | 0.52 (0.42–0.64)* | 0.15 (0.14–0.17)* | 0.63 (0.52–0.77)* |
| Drinking status | ||||||
| Current drinker | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Former drinker | 0.78 (0.56–1.08) | 1.04 (0.72–1.50) | 1.09 (0.83–1.44) | 1.62 (1.16–2.25)* | 1.26 (1.00–1.59) | 1.62 (1.19–2.22)* |
| Never drinker | 0.31 (0.26–0.36)* | 0.77 (0.62–0.95)* | 0.23 (0.19–0.28)* | 0.85 (0.66–1.08) | 0.28 (0.24–0.32)* | 0.94 (0.76–1.15) |
| Health behaviors | ||||||
| Washing hands | ||||||
| Increased | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Unchanged/Decreased | 4.06 (3.58–4.60)* | 1.40 (1.19–1.64)* | 5.05 (4.46–5.71)* | 1.57 (1.33–1.85)* | 7.31 (6.54–8.15)* | 2.07 (1.79–2.40)* |
| Wearing mask | ||||||
| Increased | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Unchanged/Decreased | 6.72 (5.81–7.78)* | 1.60 (1.33–1.93)* | 9.40 (8.19–10.78)* | 1.82 (1.52–2.19)* | 11.75 (10.44–13.24)* | 2.14 (1.82–2.52)* |
| Social distance | ||||||
| Increased | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Unchanged/Decreased | 5.08 (4.28–6.02)* | 1.58 (1.30–1.93)* | 8.69 (7.05–10.71)* | 2.12 (1.67–2.70)* | 7.13 (6.03–8.43)* | 1.49 (1.22–1.82)* |
| Awareness of COVID-19 pandemic | ||||||
| COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs | ||||||
| Level 1 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Level 2 | 1.44 (1.09–1.90)* | 1.01 (0.75–1.36) | 1.53 (1.15–2.04)* | 1.22 (0.88–1.69) | 1.11 (0.86–1.42) | 0.89 (0.66–1.21) |
| Level 3 | 3.32 (2.62–4.20)* | 1.07 (0.80–1.44) | 2.96 (2.29–3.81)* | 1.09 (0.78–1.52) | 3.33 (2.73–4.07)* | 1.36 (1.03–1.80)* |
| Level 4 | 6.40 (5.12–8.00)* | 0.93 (0.68–1.28) | 8.21 (6.51–10.36)* | 1.23 (0.86–1.75) | 6.20 (5.13–7.50)* | 1.21 (0.89–1.65) |
| Risk of COVID-19 infection | ||||||
| Very high | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| High | 1.97 (1.57–2.48)* | 1.42 (1.09–1.85)* | 2.19 (1.76–2.73)* | 1.72 (1.33–2.22)* | 2.48 (1.98–3.10)* | 1.60 (1.21–2.10)* |
| Medium | 0.96 (0.77–1.21) | 1.10 (0.85–1.43) | 1.04 (0.83–1.29) | 1.19 (0.92–1.54) | 1.68 (1.36–2.08)* | 1.54 (1.18–2.01)* |
| Low | 0.36 (0.29–0.44)* | 0.89 (0.69–1.16) | 0.26 (0.21–0.33)* | 0.79 (0.61–1.03) | 0.43 (0.35–0.54)* | 1.07 (0.82–1.40) |
| No | 0.35 (0.27–0.46)* | 0.84 (0.61–1.14) | 0.34 (0.26–0.45)* | 0.88 (0.64–1.21) | 0.56 (0.43–0.71)* | 1.11 (0.81–1.51) |
| Not sure | 0.83 (0.58–1.18) | 0.94 (0.58–1.50) | 0.53 (0.35–0.79)* | 0.55 (0.31–0.97)* | 1.48 (1.10–2.00)* | 0.83 (0.53–1.31) |
| Curability of COVID-19 | ||||||
| Very high | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| High | 1.90 (1.61–2.24)* | 1.30 (1.09–1.56)* | 2.14 (1.81–2.53)* | 1.47 (1.22–1.78)* | 2.20 (1.87–2.58)* | 1.35 (1.12–1.63)* |
| Medium | 5.67 (4.75–6.77)* | 2.17 (1.77–2.67)* | 6.50 (5.44–7.77)* | 2.38 (1.92–2.95)* | 9.22 (7.83–10.85)* | 2.97 (2.44–3.62)* |
| Low | 5.26 (4.17–6.62)* | 2.85 (2.18–3.72)* | 4.98 (3.91–6.35)* | 2.51 (1.88–3.36)* | 9.54 (7.84–11.62)* | 4.03 (3.15–5.17)* |
| No | 3.63 (2.44–5.40)* | 2.02 (1.27–3.21)* | 2.94 (1.87–4.60)* | 1.11 (0.62–1.99) | 7.57 (5.60–10.22)* | 2.97 (1.99–4.43)* |
| Not sure | 3.01 (2.10–4.31)* | 1.95 (1.23–3.08)* | 2.94 (2.02–4.28)* | 2.20 (1.36–3.56)* | 4.63 (3.41–6.28)* | 1.88 (1.22–2.90)* |
| COVID-19 vaccine exception | ||||||
| Channel of vaccine information | ||||||
| Community worker | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Internet | 1.52 (1.28–1.79)* | 1.34 (1.12–1.61)* | 1.51 (1.28–1.80)* | 1.40 (1.15–1.69)* | 1.75 (1.49–2.05)* | 1.54 (1.28–1.86)* |
| Others | 3.15 (2.63–3.76)* | 1.99 (1.62–2.44)* | 3.59 (3.01–4.30)* | 2.15 (1.75–2.66)* | 5.02 (4.26–5.91)* | 2.69 (2.20–3.28)* |
| Vaccine conspiracy beliefs | ||||||
| Level 1 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Level 2 | 1.44 (1.07–1.93)* | 1.52 (1.10–2.09)* | 1.13 (0.83–1.53) | 1.09 (0.78–1.53) | 1.17 (0.91–1.50) | 1.16 (0.85–1.57) |
| Level 3 | 2.86 (2.20–3.72)* | 1.79 (1.31–2.43)* | 2.39 (1.84–3.09)* | 1.16 (0.84–1.60) | 3.00 (2.43–3.71)* | 1.51 (1.13–2.00)* |
| Level 4 | 10.51 (8.26–13.39)* | 2.29 (1.63–3.21)* | 10.28 (8.15–12.98)* | 1.41 (1.00–2.00) | 8.55 (7.01–10.42)* | 1.36 (0.99–1.85) |
| Weigh risks of vaccination against risks of the disease | ||||||
| Disease outweigh vaccine | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Vaccine outweigh disease | 2.82 (2.48–3.19)* | 1.25 (1.08–1.44)* | 2.53 (2.24–2.87)* | 1.04 (0.89–1.20) | 2.93 (2.63–3.27)* | 1.28 (1.12–1.46)* |
| Other life/health responsibilities | ||||||
| Very high | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| High | 2.20 (1.83–2.64)* | 1.25 (1.02–1.54)* | 1.48 (1.21–1.81)* | 0.87 (0.69–1.09) | 2.02 (1.67–2.43)* | 1.05 (0.85–1.31) |
| Medium | 8.80 (7.35–10.52)* | 2.04 (1.63–2.55)* | 8.21 (6.86–9.83)* | 1.77 (1.41–2.22)* | 13.93 (11.80–16.45)* | 2.70 (2.18–3.34)* |
| Low | 12.01 (9.74–14.81)* | 2.19 (1.71–2.80)* | 16.97 (14.00–20.56)* | 2.89 (2.29–3.65)* | 21.57 (17.94–25.95)* | 3.24 (2.57–4.08)* |
| Very low | 9.24 (7.17–11.91)* | 2.85 (2.12–3.84)* | 10.24 (8.03–13.06)* | 3.09 (2.32–4.12)* | 12.81 (10.18–16.11)* | 3.88 (2.92–5.15)* |
| Type of vaccination | ||||||
| Unvaccinated | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Viral vector | 0.05 (0.03–0.09)* | 0.11 (0.05–0.23)* | 0.09 (0.05–0.16)* | 0.24 (0.10–0.57)* | 0.01 (0.00–0.01)* | 0.01 (0.00–0.01)* |
| Inactivated | 0.05 (0.03–0.09)* | 0.15 (0.07–0.30)* | 0.08 (0.04–0.14)* | 0.27 (0.12–0.63)* | 0.01 (0.00–0.01)* | 0.01 (0.01–0.02)* |
| Protein subunit | 0.14 (0.08–0.24)* | 0.29 (0.15–0.60)* | 0.21 (0.11–0.39)* | 0.54 (0.23–1.25) | 0.03 (0.02–0.05)* | 0.04 (0.02–0.06)* |
| Accept all vaccines | 0.03 (0.02–0.05)* | 0.13 (0.06–0.26)* | 0.04 (0.02–0.08)* | 0.22 (0.09–0.52)* | 0.01 (0.01–0.01)* | 0.02 (0.01–0.03)* |
| Convenient vaccination | ||||||
| High | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Medium | 3.03 (2.46–3.75)* | 1.21 (0.94–1.55) | 3.55 (2.91–4.33)* | 1.41 (1.10–1.81)* | 5.52 (4.73–6.45)* | 1.71 (1.39–2.11)* |
| Low | 3.36 (2.26–5.01)* | 1.47 (0.90–2.38) | 3.78 (2.58–5.54)* | 2.07 (1.31–3.27)* | 7.66 (5.87–9.99)* | 2.81 (1.95–4.06)* |
| Healthcare system | ||||||
| Trust in doctors | ||||||
| Level 1 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Level 2 | 0.40 (0.34–0.46)* | 0.78 (0.64–0.94)* | 0.38 (0.33–0.44)* | 0.78 (0.64–0.95)* | 0.35 (0.31–0.40)* | 0.78 (0.65–0.94)* |
| Level 3 | 0.17 (0.14–0.21)* | 0.52 (0.40–0.69)* | 0.18 (0.15–0.22)* | 0.58 (0.44–0.77)* | 0.17 (0.15–0.20)* | 0.70 (0.54–0.91)* |
| Level 4 | 0.07 (0.06–0.10)* | 0.56 (0.39–0.82)* | 0.06 (0.05–0.09)* | 0.55 (0.36–0.83)* | 0.05 (0.04–0.07)* | 0.72 (0.49–1.06) |
| Trust in developers | ||||||
| Level 1 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Level 2 | 0.30 (0.26–0.34)* | 0.66 (0.55–0.79)* | 0.31 (0.27–0.36)* | 0.71 (0.59–0.87)* | 0.29 (0.26–0.33)* | 0.58 (0.49–0.69)* |
| Level 3 | 0.08 (0.07–0.10)* | 0.68 (0.49–0.93)* | 0.06 (0.05–0.08)* | 0.61 (0.43–0.87)* | 0.04 (0.03–0.05)* | 0.36 (0.26–0.51)* |
*p < 0.05.
We categorized the score of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs by quartiles as level 1 (≤7 points), level 2 (8–13 points), level 3 (14–20 points), and level 4 (≥21 points) and the score of vaccine conspiracy beliefs by quartiles as level 1 (≤7 points), level 2 (8–12 points), level 3 (13–18 points), and level 4 (≥19 points). We categorized the score of trust in doctors by quartiles as level 1 (≤30 points), level 2 (31–34 points), level 3 (35–38 points), and level 4 (≥39 points) and the score of trust in developers by quartiles as level 1 (≤17 points), level 2 (18–21 points), and level 3 (≥22 points).
Model 1: unadjusted.
Model 2: adjusted age, sex, educational status, ethnic groups, religion, marital status, change one’s job, family doctor, score of health condition, subjective social status in China, subjective social status in one’s community, body mass index, chronic condition, smoking status, drinking status, health behaviors, COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs, risk of COVID-19 infection, curability of COVID-19, channel of vaccine information, vaccine conspiracy beliefs, weigh risks of vaccination against risks of the disease, other life/health responsibilities, trust in doctors, trust in developers, and convenient vaccination.