Table 2.

Univariate logistic regression analyses using factors that may affect mortality

Variable	Survivors (n=265)	Non-survivors (n=90)	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	p-value
Age	61.33 (12.20)	67.04 (1.81)	1.04137 (1.01961 - 1.06360)	<0.001*
Sex - Male	149 (56.23%)	49 (54.44%)	0.93043 (0.57538 - 1.50457)	0.769
Body Mass Index	27.81 (6.11)	27.49 (7.16)	0.99191 (0.95467 - 1.03062)	0.769
Hypertension	196 (74%)	69 (76.7%)	1.15671 (0.66056 - 2.02551)	0.611
Bronchial asthma	22 (8.3%)	5 (5.6%)	0.64973 (0.23855 - 1.76961)	0.399
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	5 (1.9%)	1 (1.1%)	0.58427 (0.06735 - 5.06873)	0.626
Liver disease	9 (3.4%)	4 (4.4%)	0.315 (0.033-2.986)	0.314
Chronic kidney disease (eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2)	24 (9.1%)	22 (2.4%)	3.24878 (1.71640 - 6.14922)	<0.001*
Heart failure	7 (2.6%)	3 (3.3%)	1.27094 (0.32161 - 5.02242)	0.732
Acute coronary syndrome	3 (1.1%)	13 (14.4%)	14.74458 (4.09613 - 53.07515)	<0.001*
Coronary artery disease	29 (10.9%)	5 (5.6%)	0.47870 (0.17950 - 1.27667)	0.141
Cerebrovascular disease	13 (4.9%)	4 (4.4%)	0.90161 (0.28632 - 2.83914)	0.860
Cancer	12 (4.5%)	7 (7.8%)	1.77811 (0.67773 - 4.66510)	0.242
Severity of disease (using mild as a comparator at baseline)
Mild	49 (18.5%)	11 (12.2)
Moderate	103 (39.9%)	46 (51.1%)	1.98941 (0.94864 - 4.172)	0.069
Severe	61 (23%)	17 (18.9%)	1.24143 (0.53247 - 2.89436)	0.617
Critical	23 (8.7%)	4 (4.4%)	0.77470 (0.22262 - 2.69588)	0.688
Missing	0	1 (1.1%)
HBA1c	7.29987 (1.99)	7.17014 (2.55)	0.97148 (0.85608 - 1.10243)	0.654
Preadmission medications
Insulin	36 (9.8%)	16 (17.8%)	1.37538 (0.72191 - 2.62035)	0.582
GLP-1 agonists	3 (1.1%)	0	0.000	1.000
Metformin	113 (42.97%)	30 (33.71)	0.67496 (0.40826 - 1.11590)	0.125
DPP-4 inhibitors	89 (33.58%)	32 (35.56%)	1.09105 (0.66092 - 1.80111)	0.733
Sulfonylureas	41 (15.5%)	9 (10%)	0.60705 (0.28250 - 1.30443)	0.201
Thiazolidinediones	2 (0.8%)	1 (1.1%)	1.47753 (0.13238 - 16.49124)	0.751
SGLT-2 inhibitors	23 (8.7%)	3 (3.3%)	0.36282 (0.10628 - 1.23858)	0.106
Glucosidase inhibitors	1 (0.4%)	0	0.000	0.999
In-hospital medications
Tocilizumab	123 (46.42%)	62 (68.89%)	2.55633 (1.53909 - 4.24591)	<0.001*
Antimalarials	22 (8.3%)	9 (10%)	1.22727 (0.54309 - 2.77339)	0.622
Antivirals	176 (66.42%)	59 (65.56%)	0.96243 (0.58141 - 1.59313)	0.882
Systemic steroids	148 (55.85%)	61 (67.78%)	1.66286 (1.00434 - 2.75316)	0.048*
Convalescent plasma therapy	9 (3.4%)	8 (8.9%)	2.77506 (1.03704 - 7.42598)	0.042*
Hemoperfusion	9 (3.4%)	11 (12.2%)	3.96062 (1.58417 - 9.90206)	0.003*
Insulin	78 (29.43%)	40 (44.44%)	1.91795 (1.17193 - 3.13886)	0.010*
GLP-1 agonists	2 (0.8%)	0	0.132	1.000
Metformin	72 (27.1%)	5 (5.56%)	0.15768 (0.06149 - 0.40433)	<0.001*
DPP-4 inhibitors	93 (35.09%)	27 (30%)	0.79263 (0.47283 - 1.32872)	0.378
Sulfonylureas	14 (5.3%)	3 (3.3%)	0.61823 (0.17352 - 2.20266)	0.458
Thiazolidinediones	-	-	-	-
SGLT-2 inhibitors	15 (5.7%)	0	0.000	0.998
Glucosidase inhibitors	-	-	-	-
Crude odds ratio for mortality between metformin users versus non-users, with non-users as the reference group
Metformin use	153 (57.7%)	33 (36.7%)	0.42438 (0.25881-0.69397)	0.001*
Crude odds ratio for mortality between 3 subgroups of metformin users, with non-users as the reference group
Metformin use
Home	81 (30.6%)	28 (31.3%)	0.67922 (0.39777-1.15984)	0.157
In-hospital	38 (14.3%)	2 (2.2%)	0.10341 (0.02408-0.44407)	0.002*
Mixed Home/In-hospital	34 (12.8%)	3 (3.3%)	0.17337 (0.05104-0.58888)	0.005*
Crude odds ratio between different metformin dosages, with metformin non-use as reference group
Metformin dosage (mg/day)
500 - <1000 (n=85)	66 (24.9%)	19 (21.1%)	0.56565 (0.30990-1.03247)	0.063
>1000 - <2000 (n=79)	70 (26.4%)	9 (10%)	0.25263 (0.11769-0.54225)	<0.001*
>2000 (n=19)	15 (5.7%)	4 (4.4%)	0.52397 (0.16622-1.65169)	0.27