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TMAO-Exos promoted inflammatory gene expression. The mRNA expressions of (A) IL-6, (B) MCP-1, and (C) TNF-α were notably promoted by TMAO-Exos. All the data are expressed as mean ± SEM. n=3; independent t-tests were performed for comparisons; *, P<0.05. TMAO, trimethylamine-N-oxide; Exos, exosomes; IL-6, interleukin-6; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; SEM, standard error of the mean.
