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TMAO-Exos promoted the activation of NF-κB signaling. TMAO-Exos significantly enhanced the expression of p-NF-κB p65 (A,B), but had no effect on NF-κB p65 expression (A,C). All the data are expressed as mean ± SEM. n=6, independent t-tests were performed for comparisons; *, P<0.05. TMAO, trimethylamine-N-oxide; Exos, exosomes; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B; SEM, standard error of the mean.
