Table 1.
Antioxidant activity of exosomes in disease models.
| Application | Model | Exosomes used | Effect of exosome treatment | Antioxidant mechanisms | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neural system | 6-OHDA induced Parkinson’s disease model | Catalase exosomes | Anti-inflammation, significant neuroprotective effects | ROS↓ | (26) |
| Neural system | LPS-induced brain inflammation | Anti-inflammation drugs exosomes | Anti-inflammation effects | ROS↓ | (27) |
| Neural system | Alcohol chronically consuming rats model | MSC-derived exosomes | Reverse alcohol-induced hippocampal oxidative stress | GLT1↑ | (44) |
| Liver system | CCl4-induced liver injury (mice) | Human umbilical cord MSC-derived exosomes | Inhibit oxidative stress-induced apoptosis | ERK1/2 phosphorylation↑ Bcl2↑ SOD↑ ROS↓ |
(49) |
| Liver system | CCl4-induced liver injury (mice) | Human umbilical cord MSC-derived exosomes | Reduce oxidative stress, inhibited apoptosis and fibrosis | ROS↓ caspase 3↓ |
(68) |
| Liver system | CCl4-induced liver injury and ischemic/reperfusion liver injury (mice) | MSC-derived exosomes | Reduce oxidative stress on the injury-induced liver cells, repair and recover the injured liver tissue | ROS↓ | (69) |
| Liver system | H2O2 treated human immortalized hepatocytes | HPC-derived exosomes | Prevent oxidative induced cell death of hepatocyte | NRF2↑ GCL↑ ROS↓ |
(70) |
| Digestive system | Experimental Colitis (rats) | BMSC-derived exosomes | Attenuate colon Inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis | SOD↑ ROS↓ caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9↓ |
(51) |
| Cardiovascular system | Unilateral hind-limb ischemia (mice) | Coronary serum exosomes derived from patients with myocardial ischemia | Promote angiogenesis, promoted ischemic injury repair | miR-939-5p↓ VEGF↑ iNOS↓ |
(50) |
| Cardiovascular system | Chronic heart failure induced by left coronary artery ligation (rats) | MSC-derived exosomes | Modify myocardial dysfunction | NRF2↑ ROS↓ |
(71) |
| Cardiovascular system | Injury model induced endothelial cells | ACE2 induced endothelial progenitor cells exosomes | Protect endothelial cells from injury and apoptosis | ROS↓ NOX2↓ |
(53) |
| Cardiovascular system | H2O2 treated cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (mice) | Hypoxia-pretreated cardiomyocytes exosomes | Reduce the apoptosis and oxidation state of cardiac vascular endothelial cells | CircHIPK3↑ miR-29a induce IGF-1↑ |
(72) |
| Cardiovascular system | 5/6 NTP induced vascular calcification and ageing mice | VSMC-derived exosomes | Attenuate vascular calcification and ageing | MiR‐204↑ miR‐211↑ BMP2↑ |
(73) |
| Musculoskeletal System | Intervertebral disc degeneration (rabbits) | MSC-derived exosomes | Prevent the progression of degenerative changes | Mitochondrial function↑ ROS↓ NLRP3 inflammasome↓ |
(46) |
| Musculoskeletal System | Osteoarthritis (mice) | MSC-derived exosomes | Reduce the level of ROS in degenerative chondrocytes, restore mitochondrial dysfunction | Mitochondrial function↑ ROS↓ Inflammation↓ |
(74) |
| Musculoskeletal System | Osteoarthritis (mice) | MSC-derived exosomes | Decrease mtDNA damage, increase ATP synthesis, facilitate cartilage regeneration | Mitochondrial function↑ ROS↓ Inflammation↓ |
(75) |
| Musculoskeletal System | Chondrocytes obtained from patients diagnosed with advanced OA | Human adipose tissue-derived MSC exosomes | Anti-inflammatory properties in degenerated chondrocytes | iNOS↓ | (48) |
| Musculoskeletal System | Radiation-induced bone loss (mice) | BMSC-derived exosomes | Restore recipient BMSC function, alleviate radiation-induced bone loss | Wnt/β-catenin↑ SOD1↑ SOD2↑ ROS↓ |
(47) |
| Endocrine system | Untreated diabetic control wounds | ADSC-derived exosomes | Facilitate faster wound closure, enhance collagen deposition, increase neo-vascularization, decrease oxidative stress | ROS↓ | (42) |
| Endocrine system | Obese mice | Adipocyte exosomes | Attenuate adipose inflammation, decease macrophage number, prevent and treat obesity | αKG↑ STAT3/NF-κB↓ |
(43) |
| Skin | H2O2-stimulated keratinocytes or UV-irradiated mice skin | MSC-derived exosomes | Inhibit oxidative injury, promote antioxidant activity, alleviate oxidative responsiveness | NRF2↑ SOD↑ ROS↓ |
(76) |
| Tumor | MCF7-injected tumor (mice) | Camel milk exosomes | Decrease breast tumor progression, induce antioxidant status | SOD↑ ROS↓ |
(77) |
| Immune system | CTX induce immuno-toxicity (mice) | Camel milk exosomes | Ameliorate immunosuppression and oxidative stress | SOD↑ ROS↓ |
(54) |
| Urinary system | Testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury (rats) | BMSC-derived exosomes | Protect against testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury and apoptosis | SOD↑ ROS↓ caspase 3↓ |
(78) |
| Urinary system | Murine hind limb ischemia model | Melatonin-treated MSC-derived exosomes | Improve functional recovery and vessel repair, protect mitochondrial function | miR-4516↑ | (79) |
6-OHDA, 6-hydroxydopamine; 5/6 NTP, 5/6-nephrectomy plus high phosphate diet treat; ACE2, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; ADSC, Adipose-derived stem cell; ATP, Adenosine triphosphate; BMP2, Bone morphogenetic protein 2; BMSC, Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell; CTX, Cyclophosphamide; ERK1/2, Extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2; GCL, Glutamate cysteine ligase; GLT1, Glutamate transporter 1; HPC, Human hepatic progenitor cell; IGF-1, Insulin-like growth factor 1; iNOS, Inducible nitric-oxide synthase; LPS, Lipopolysaccharide; MSC, Mesenchymal stem cell; mtDNA, Mitochondrial DNA; NF-κB, Nuclear transcription factor kappa B; NLRP3, NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3; NOX2, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2; NRF2, Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; SOD, Superoxide dismutase; STAT3, Signal transducers and activators of transduction-3; VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor; VSMC, Vascular smooth muscle cell; αKG, α-ketoglutarate.