TABLE 1.
The regulatory role of ER-phagy in infection.
| Microbial pathogens | Experimental cell type | Pathogen effector | ER-regulator | ER-phagy functions | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ebola virus | Mouse embryonic fibroblast | ND | Fam134b | Suppresses Ebola virus proliferation | Chiramel et al. (2016) |
| DENV, ZIKV | Human brain microvascular endothelial cells | NS3 | FAM134B | Inhibits viral replication | Lennemann and Coyne, (2017) |
| DENV, ZIKV | Human alveolar basal epithelial cells | Dengue viral NS1, capsid and Env | ATL2, ATL3 | ND | Monel et al. (2019) |
| WNV | |||||
| DENV, ZIKV | Human brain microvascular endothelial cells | ND | FAM134B | BPIFB3 enhances FAM134B-dependent ER-phagy, restricts viral replication | Evans et al. (2020) |
| FMDV | pig kidney cell line | ND | Sec62 | Promotes ER-stress restoration, inhibits viral replication | Wu et al. (2021) |
| Gram-positive infectious bacteria | Human macrophage | c-di-AMP | STING | Resolves ER stress and rescues phagocytes from death upon infection, controls the enhanced interferon response to infectious live Gram-positive bacteria | Moretti et al. (2017) |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Murine macrophage | ND | P62 | Bag2 induced ER-phagy mediates antibacterial defense in macrophages, mitigates ER stress and protects macrophages from apoptosis | Liang et al. (2020) |
ND, not determined.