Table 1.
Sample Characteristics by Age at Immigration (N = 2957).
| Age of migration |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Entire sample |
18–34 |
35–49 |
50–64 |
65 or Later |
||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | p valuea | |
|
| ||||||
| Cognitive health | ||||||
| C-MMSE | 25.62 (3.96) | 26.55 (3.44) | 26.04 (3.57) | 25.45 (4.01) | 24.82 (4.57) | <.001 |
| Global cognition | .02 (0.74) | 0.21(0.64) | 0.07 (0.68) | −0.02 (0.76) | −0.06 (0.86) | <.001 |
| Age at migration | 52.98 (12.79) | 28.65 (4.94) | 43.55 (4.22) | 57.55 (4.10) | 69.51 (3.87) | <.001 |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||
| Years of education | 8.94 (4.94) | 9.31 (4.89) | 8.71 (4.42) | 8.60 (4.88) | 10.31 (5.80) | <.001 |
| Income | 0.55 (0.46) | 0.84 (0.56) | 0.63 (0.47) | 0.52 (0.41) | 0.33 (0.37) | <.05 |
| Social environment | ||||||
| Social engagement | 21.31 (8.94) | 23.04 (8.70) | 21.33 (8.53) | 20.80 (9.06) | 21.97 (9.18) | <.001 |
| Social support | 30.17 (3.18) | 29.84 (3.37) | 30.02 (3.25) | 30.35 (3.13) | 30.09 (3.06) | <.05 |
| Neighborhood cohesion | 0.01 (0.77) | −0.01 (0.66) | −0.06 (0.67) | 0.04 (0.82) | 0.04 (0.83) | <.05 |
| Level of acculturation | 15.11 (4.54) | 19.88 (7.81) | 15.34 (4.70) | 14.23 (2.99) | 14.75 (3.93) | <.001 |
| Control variables | ||||||
| Age | 72.33 (8.00) | 70.18 (7.64) | 70.22 (7.46) | 72.06 (7.18) | 78.43 (6.65) | <.001 |
| Woman | 57.29% | 59.93% | 60.42% | 57.38% | 49.65% | <.01 |
| Married | 72.85% | 68.38% | 70.93% | 75.60% | 69.56% | <.01 |
| Have any ADL limitations | 6.16% | 3.31% | 4.43% | 6.18% | 11.01% | <.001 |
| Cardiovascular risks | ||||||
| Heart diseases | 15.15% | 9.93% | 13.15% | 14.97% | 22.72% | <.001 |
| Stroke | 5.07% | 6.25% | 5.47% | 4.36% | 6.10% | n.s. <.05 |
| Chronic conditionsb | ||||||
| None | 39.32% | 39.85% | 37.47% | 41.69% | 34.04% | |
| One | 45.12% | 40.22% | 46.48% | 43.71% | 50.70% | |
| Two | 15.56% | 19.93% | 16.06% | 14.59% | 15.26% | |
| Ever smoked | 30.06% | 31.62% | 27.86% | 31.34% | 28.57% | n.s. |
| Depressive symptoms | 2.50 (3.94) | 2.22 (3.81) | 2.40 (3.95) | 2.48 (3.91) | 2.94 (4.08) | <.01 |
| Family-related migration | 73.72% | 61.03% | 66.93% | 75.91% | 86.42% | <.001 |
| N = 2957 | n = 272 (9.20%) | n = 768 (25.97%) | n = 1490 (50.39%) | n = 427 (14.44%) | ||
Note. n.s. = not significant; ADL = activities of daily Living; C-MMSE = Chinese version Mini-Mental State Examination.
a
Chi-square tests for categorical variables and ANOVA for continuous variables were performed to compare group differences.
b
Chronic conditions included hypertension and diabetes.