Table 2.
Unweighted models for the carriage of ESBL-producing E. coli, stratified by country, n = 1940, AWARE Study, 2021
| Germany, n = 482 | The Netherlands, n = 828 | Romania, n = 608 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cOR (95% CI) a | aOR (95% CI) b | cOR (95% CI) a | aOR (95% CI) b | cOR (95% CI) a | aOR (95% CI) b | |
| Group: Nearby resident c | 0.72 (0.27–1.90) | 0.81 (0.29–2.30) | d | d |
3.73 (2.18–6.38) |
3.17 (1.80–5.59) |
| Group: WWTP worker |
0.00 (0-Inf)e |
0.00 (0-Inf)e |
0.71 (0.31–1.62) |
0.95 (0.37–2.44) |
2.01 (1.08–3.74) |
2.34 (1.22–4.50) |
| Educational level: Highf | 1.72 (0.71–4.17) | 1.16 (0.45–2.99) |
2.07 (1.10–3.89) |
1.85 (0.95–3.59) |
0.46 (0.30–0.70) |
0.66 (0.41–1.04) |
| Sex: Male | 0.92 (0.42–1.98) | 1.01 (0.45–2.24) |
0.92 (0.51–1.65) |
0.93 (0.48–1.8) |
0.95 (0.67–1.36) |
1.05 (0.70–1.56) |
| Age | 0.97 (0.95–1.01) | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) |
1.01 (0.98–1.03) |
1.01 (0.99–1.03) |
0.98 (0.96–0.99) |
0.98 (0.96–0.99) |
| Travels to high-risk areas: Yesg | 2.41 (0.99–5.90) | 2.29 (0.90–5.78) |
2.03 (1.11–3.69) |
1.92 (1.04–3.52) |
0.54 (0.32–0.92) |
0.75 (0.43–1.32) |
| Work with patients or human tissues: Yesh | 0.88 (0.38–2.06) | 0.99 (0.40–2.43) |
0.70 (0.37–1.32) |
0.72 (0.37–1.4) |
0.54 (0.32–0.93) |
0.59 (0.32–1.07) |
| Hospital visits as a patient: Yes | 0.97 (0.34–2.79) | 1.00 (0.33–2.99) |
0.39 (0.05–2.91) |
0.42 (0.05–3.31) |
1.18 (0.65–2.16) |
1.02 (0.52–2.03) |
| Hospital visits as a professional: Yes | 0.48 (0.06–3.63) | 0.44 (0.05–3.50) |
1.28 (0.16–10.04) |
1.31 (0.15–11.23) |
0.59 (0.13–2.62) |
1.20 (0.22–6.46) |
| Use of antibiotics: Yes | 1.19 (0.52–2.72) | 1.09 (0.46–2.55) |
0.80 (0.35–1.82) |
0.86 (0.36–2.02) |
0.98 (0.64–1.49) |
1.28 (0.77–2.12) |
| Farm visits: Yes | 0.86 (0.32–2.34) | 0.99 (0.35–2.83) |
1.13 (0.43–2.95) |
1.34 (0.5–3.56) |
0.00 (0-Inf)j |
0.00 (0-Inf)j |
ESBL Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases, AR Antibiotic Resistance
acOR: crude odds ratio
baOR: adjusted odds ratio
cNearby residents live within a 300 m radius from a WWTP
dData on Nearby residents in the Netherlands was not collected
eNot possible to estimate the OR for WWTP workers because all workers in Germany had a negative stool sample result for ESBL-producing E. coli
fEducational level according to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED): Low = ISCED 0–2 (Pre-primary education to Lower secondary education), High = ISCED ≥ 3 (Upper secondary education to Doctoral or equivalent)
gTravel to high risk areas for AR in the past year: Includes travels to North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Central and South America, as well as the European countries Italy, Greece, Bulgaria and Slovenia
hWork with patients or human tissues in the past year: Includes self-reported contact with patients at work and with human tissues (e.g. blood, urine, sputum, feces, vomit, saliva, or primary cell lines)
jNot possible to estimate the OR for farm visits because all participants who stated visiting a farm in the past year had a negative stool sample result for ESBL-producing E. coli