TABLE 1.
Cohort | Detection method | Dominant phenotype/cytokine profile of cTFH cells | Key cTFH findings | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acute and convalescent cohorts | ||||
Acute and convalescent COVID‐19 | Bulk ICOS+PD‐1+ cTFH cells | Activation of CXCR3+CCR6−cTFH cells |
|
60 |
Acute and convalescent COVID‐19 | Antigen‐specific cTFH cells by AIM |
Greater frequency of CXCR3+CCR6− than CXCR3−CCR6+ S‐specific cTFH cells in acute samples Greater frequency of CXCR3−CCR6+ than CXCR3+CCR6− S‐specific cTFH cells in convalescent samples IFNγ producing cTFH cells IL‐17A assessed but not detected |
|
65 |
Acute and convalescent COVID‐19 | Bulk ICOS+PD‐1+ cTFH cells | CXCR3+ cTFH cells |
|
64 |
Convalescent cohorts | ||||
Convalescent COVID‐19 | Antigen‐specific cTFH cells by AIM | Not reported |
|
69 |
Convalescent COVID‐19 (up to 8 months) | Antigen‐specific cTFH cells by AIM | Increase in CCR6+ spike‐specific cTFH cells over time |
|
23 |
Convalescent COVID‐19 | Bulk cTFH cells | CXCR3+ or CXCR3− |
|
63 |
Convalescent COVID‐19 | Antigen‐specific cTFH cells by AIM | CXCR3+ or CXCR3− |
|
66 |
Convalescent COVID‐19 | Antigen‐specific cTFH cells by AIM | IFNγ producing cTFH cells |
|
67 |
Convalescent COVID‐19 | Antigen‐specific cTFH cells by AIM |
Spike‐specific cTFH 1 and cTFH 2 Membrane‐specific cTFH 1 and cTFH 1/17 Nucleocapsid‐specific cTFH 1 |
|
68 |
Convalescent COVID‐19 (up to 150 days) | Antigen‐specific cTFH cells by AIM | Not reported |
|
24 |
Convalescent COVID‐19 | Bulk PD‐1+CXCR5+ cTFH cells & antigen‐specific cTFH cells by AIM |
CXCR3+ or CXCR3− IFNγ and IL‐21 producing cTFH cells other cytokines not reported |
|
62 |
Vaccination cohorts | ||||
Healthy and MS patients on a‐CD20 therapy receiving 2 doses of mRNA vaccine | Antigen‐specific cTFH cells by AIM | CXCR3+ |
|
75 |
Naïve and COVID‐19 recovered individuals receiving 2 doses of BNT162b or mRNA‐1273 vaccine | Antigen‐specific cTFH cells by AIM | Not reported |
|
76 |
Naïve and COVID‐19 recovered individuals receiving 1 dose of BNT162b vaccine | Antigen‐specific cTFH cells by AIM |
IFNγ producing cTFH cells IL‐17A assessed but not detected |
|
78 |
Naïve and COVID‐19 recovered individuals receiving 2 doses of BNT162b or mRNA‐1273 vaccine | Antigen‐specific cTFH cells by AIM | Not reported |
|
77 |