Table 2.
Multivariable Logistic Regression for Odds of Missing at Least One Scheduled Clinic Visit During Pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 Time Periods
| Pre-COVID-19 Time Perioda | COVID-19 Time Periodb | Significance of Interaction with Time Period (pre-COVID-19 vs COVID)c | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio (95th CI) | p-value | Odds Ratio (95th CI) | p-value | p-value | |
| Female (Ref=Male) | 1.13 (1.04–1.24) | 0.004 | 1.23 (1.15–1.32) | <0.001 | 0.166 |
| Race (Ref=White) | |||||
| Black | 1.76 (1.37–2.27) | <0.001 | 1.51 (1.21–1.88) | <0.001 | 0.356 |
| Asian | 1.25 (1.12–1.40) | <0.001 | 1.67 (1.52–1.83) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Hispanic | 1.03 (0.89–1.19) | 0.670 | 1.31 (1.17–1.46) | <0.001 | 0.011 |
| Other | 1.35 (1.17–1.55) | <0.001 | 1.41 (1.26–1.58) | <0.001 | 0.618 |
| Age (Ref=<50 years) | |||||
| 50–64 years | 1.76 (1.55–1.99) | <0.001 | 2.13 (1.92–2.36) | <0.001 | 0.021 |
| 65–74 years | 1.5 (1.28–1.76) | <0.001 | 2.29 (2.01–2.60) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| 75–84 years | 1.26 (1.05–1.52) | 0.013 | 2.31 (1.99–2.68) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| ≥85 years | 1.21 (0.96–1.53) | 0.111 | 2.62 (2.17–3.15) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| English preferred language (Ref=Non-English preferred language) | 0.86 (0.76–0.98) | 0.019 | 1.12 (1.01–1.25) | 0.036 | 0.002 |
| Married (Ref=Not married) | 1.07 (0.97–1.18) | 0.160 | 1.39 (1.28–1.50) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| DME (Ref=no DME) | 0.88 (0.64–1.21) | 0.424 | 0.77 (0.61–0.98) | 0.032 | 0.527 |
| Wet AMD (Ref = no wet AMD) | 1.34 (1.01–1.78) | 0.046 | 0.72 (0.57–0.91) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Dry AMD (Ref=no dry AMD) | 1.07 (0.87–1.32) | 0.515 | 1.25 (1.07–1.47) | 0.006 | 0.248 |
| Cataract (ref = no cataract) | 1.18 (1.04–1.34) | 0.011 | 1.73 (1.56–1.91) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Pseudophakia/Aphakia (Ref=no pseudophakia or aphakia) | 1.06 (0.90–1.25) | 0.500 | 1.3 (1.15–1.48) | <0.001 | 0.052 |
| Pathologic Myopia (Ref=no pathologic myopia) | 0.93 (0.72–1.20) | 0.579 | 1.47 (1.22–1.77) | <0.001 | 0.004 |
| Multiple diagnoses | 0.96 (0.77–1.20) | 0.722 | 0.81 (0.69–0.95) | 0.011 | 0.214 |
| Glaucoma | |||||
| Unspecified glaucoma | 0.97 (0.70–1.35) | 0.865 | 0.98 (0.76–1.26) | 0.868 | 0.973 |
| Mild glaucoma | 0.91 (0.66–1.27) | 0.595 | 1.23 (0.98–1.55) | 0.079 | 0.150 |
| Moderate glaucoma | 0.79 (0.60–1.05) | 0.108 | 0.93 (0.76–1.14) | 0.482 | 0.362 |
| Severe glaucoma | 0.98 (0.76–1.27) | 0.875 | 0.94 (0.77–1.13) | 0.492 | 0.777 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | |||||
| Mild | 0.98 (0.60–1.59) | 0.929 | 1.58 (1.12–2.22) | 0.009 | 0.115 |
| Moderate | 0.66 (0.30–1.46) | 0.308 | 0.91 (0.58–1.45) | 0.705 | 0.491 |
| Severe | 1.47 (0.65–3.36) | 0.358 | 1.17 (0.60–2.28) | 0.640 | 0.673 |
| Proliferative | 1.39 (0.91–2.12) | 0.130 | 1.08 (0.78–1.50) | 0.647 | 0.359 |
| Distance from Clinic (ref=<20km) | |||||
| 20–49km | 1.14 (1.02–1.28) | 0.017 | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | 0.555 | 0.025 |
| 50–149km | 1.23 (1.08–1.40) | 0.002 | 0.92 (0.83–1.02) | 0.121 | 0.001 |
| 150–299km | 1.32 (1.09–1.61) | 0.005 | 1.01 (0.86–1.19) | 0.889 | 0.038 |
| > 300km | 1.43 (1.14–1.81) | 0.002 | 1.16 (0.96–1.42) | 0.131 | 0.178 |
| Insurance (Ref=private insurance) | |||||
| Medicare | 0.93 (0.81–1.07) | 0.334 | 1.05 (0.94–1.17) | 0.399 | 0.200 |
| Medicaid | 0.8 (0.69–0.92) | 0.003 | 0.8 (0.71–0.89) | < 0.001 | 0.959 |
| Other insurance | 1.23 (0.89–1.71) | 0.208 | 1.16 (0.87–1.54) | 0.310 | 0.778 |
| Household Income (Ref = <$20,000) | |||||
| $20,000–$49,999 | 0.92 (0.82–1.04) | 0.188 | 1.0 (0.91–1.10) | 0.919 | 0.276 |
| $50,000–$99,999 | 1.0 (0.87–1.14) | 0.965 | 1.0 (0.90–1.11) | 0.999 | 0.974 |
| $100,000+ | 0.9 (0.74–1.11) | 0.328 | 0.93 (0.79–1.09) | 0.351 | 0.860 |
Notes: aPre-COVID-19 time period is 1/1/2020-2/29/2020. bCOVID-19 time period is 3/16/20-5/31/20. cBased on aggregate regression including patients from both time periods, with an independent variable for time period (pre-COVID-19 vs COVID-19). This statistic represents the p-value indicating level of statistical significance for an interaction term with each listed covariate and the time-period variable.
Abbreviations: DME, diabetic macular edema; AMD, age-related macular degeneration; CI, confidence interval.