TABLE 1—
Sample Characteristics at Baseline by Treatment Status: Tanzania Adolescent Cash Plus Study, 2017, Iringa and Mbeya Regions of Tanzania
| Variables | Full Sample (n = 904), Mean ±SD or No. (%) | Cash Plus (Intervention; n = 440), Mean ±SD or No. (%) | Cash Only (Control; n = 464), Mean ±SD or No. (%) |
| General characteristics | |||
| Female | 429 (47) | 204 (46) | 225 (48) |
| Age, y | 16.0 ±1.6 | 15.9 ±1.5 | 16.0 ±1.6 |
| Age of household head, y | 58.7 ±16.4 | 58.8 ±16.3 | 58.5 ±16.5 |
| Female-headed household | 603 (67) | 288 (65) | 315 (68) |
| Mufindi or Mafinga districts | 475 (53) | 239 (54) | 236 (51) |
| Primary outcomes | |||
| Experiences of violence | |||
| Emotional | 318 (35) | 136 (31) | 182 (39) |
| Physical | 247 (27) | 109 (25) | 138 (30) |
| Sexuala | 8 (1) | 4 (1) | 4 (1) |
| Help seeking for emotional or physical violence (n = 402) | |||
| Any | 128 (32) | 50 (28) | 78 (35) |
| Formal | 34 (8) | 14 (8) | 20 (9) |
| Informal | 99 (25) | 35 (20) | 64 (28) |
| Intermediate pathway outcomes | |||
| Age at first sexual intercourse (n = 137), y | 15.9 ±1.8 | 15.8 ±1.7 | 15.9 ±2.0 |
| Age-disparate sex (female participants only; n = 68) | 18 (26) | 6 (19) | 12 (33) |
| Locus of control index | 3.2 ±0.5 | 3.3 ±0.5 | 3.2 ±0.5 |
| Self-esteem index | 3.9 ±0.8 | 4.0 ±0.8 | 3.9 ±0.8 |
| ELDI (0–39) | 3.3 ±4.7 | 3.3 ±4.7 | 3.3 ±4.6 |
| ELDI economic and health-related well-being subscale | 2.7 ±3.5 | 2.6 ±3.5 | 2.8 ±3.5 |
| ELDI risk subscale | 0.3 ±1.0 | 0.3 ±1.0 | 0.2 ±0.9 |
| ELDI relations subscale | 0.3 ±1.2 | 0.4 ±1.3 | 0.3 ±1.1 |
| Currently attending school | 512 (57) | 254 (58) | 258 (56) |
| Has a spouse or cohabitating partner | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0) |
| Time use indicators (% participating) | |||
| Any economic activities | 709 (78) | 347 (79) | 362 (78) |
| Paid work outside the household | 121 (13) | 52 (12) | 69 (15) |
| Farm work for the household, excluding livestock | 598 (66) | 298 (68) | 300 (65) |
| Livestock herding for the household | 433 (48) | 213 (48) | 220 (47) |
| Fishing for the household | 14 (2) | 7 (2) | 7 (2) |
| Household business | 41 (5) | 16 (4) | 25 (5) |
| Any chores | 811 (90) | 404 (92) | 407 (88) |
| Collecting water | 607 (67) | 316 (72) | 291 (63) |
| Collecting firewood | 358 (40) | 193 (44) | 165 (36) |
| Collecting nuts and other tree fruits | 120 (13) | 63 (14) | 57 (12) |
| Taking care of children, cooking, or cleaning | 661 (73) | 327 (74) | 334 (72) |
| Taking care of elderly or sick | 211 (23) | 109 (25) | 102 (22) |
Note. ELDI = Enhanced Life Distress Inventory. Economic activities included those conducted in the previous week, and time-use activities have a reference period of the previous day.
a
The sexual violence indicator included in this table differs from those used in impacts analyses in Tables 2 and 3 because of a skip pattern error at baseline, whereby only adolescents who reported having had sexual intercourse were asked questions about sexual violence. In subsequent waves, all youths in the violence module were asked questions about sexual violence, which may include other forced sexual acts.