Table 1.
Clinical data of study participants
| Diabetes (n = 31) | Non‐diabetes (n = 30) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre‐treatment | Post‐treatment | P‐value (pre vs post) | P‐value (vs diabetes) | ||
| Sex: male | 13 (41.9) | – | – | 21 (70.0) | 0.027 |
| Age (years) | 63.9 ± 10.5 | – | – | 42.1 ± 11.2 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes duration (year) | 16.8 ± 11.1 | – | – | – | – |
| Ever smoker | 15 (48.4) | – | – | 4 (13.3) | 0.0031 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.7 ± 5.1 | – | – | 22.6 ± 3.8 | <0.001 |
| Bodyweight (kg) | 67.8 ± 13.5 | 66.6 ± 13.1 | <0.001 | – | – |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 128.6 ± 17.4 | 125.0 ± 12.6 | 0.249 | – | – |
| Hypertension | 22 (71.0) | – | – | 2 (6.7) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 26 (83.9) | – | – | 1 (3.3) | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L) | 27.9 ± 17.1 | 24.5 ± 13.7 | 0.014 | 22.1 ± 5 | 0.082 |
| ALT (U/L) | 30.6 ± 27.4 | 27.0 ± 23.1 | 0.101 | 23.7 ± 11.5 | 0.205 |
| γ‐GTP (U/L) | 39.1 ± 30.4 | 30.9 ± 26.9 | <0.001 | 27.5 ± 18.0 | 0.074 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 70.79 ± 21.49 | 66.72 ± 18.96 | 0.0072 | 85.86 ± 9.66 | <0.001 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 8.1 ± 2.6 | 6.1 ± 1.1 | <0.001 | 5.0 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 76.4 ± 22.6 | 68.68 ± 17.53 | <0.001 | 35.6 ± 3.5 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.1 ± 2.1 | 8.4 ± 1.6 | <0.001 | 5.4 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| Glycoalbumin (%) | 23.7 ± 5.7 | 19.4 ± 3.4 | <0.001 | 13.8 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| CPR index | 1.07 ± 0.63 | 1.31 ± 0.70 | 0.019 | – | – |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.20 ± 1.58 | 4.10 ± 0.81 | <0.001 | 5.47 ± 1.04 | 0.429 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.41 (0.92–2.59) | 1.06 (0.79–1.45) | <0.001 | 0.79 (0.59–1.15) | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.37 ± 0.31 | 1.30 ± 0.27 | 0.030 | 1.79 ± 0.53 | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.11 ± 1.26 | 2.27 ± 0.75 | <0.001 | 3.24 ± 0.93 | 0.650 |
| hs‐CRP (mg/L) | 0.710 (0.465–1.255) | 0.478 (0.200–0.739) | <0.001 | 0.336 (0.132–0.668) | 0.005 |
| Uric acid (mmol/L) | 0.34 ± 0.07 | 0.33 ± 0.06 | 0.248 | 0.33 ± 0.07 | 0.739 |
| u‐Alb/Cr (mg/mmol) | 1.4 (0.4–4.2) | 1.2 (0.6–3.2) | 0.493 | 0.5 (0.4–1.0) | 0.032 |
Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation if normally distributed or as the median (interquartile range) if log‐normally distributed. Categorical data are presented as counts (percentage). Welch’s t‐tests and χ2‐tests were used to compare the baseline characteristics between the two groups for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Paired t‐tests were used to compare differences between pre‐treatment and post‐treatment in the diabetes group.
BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; CPR index, C‐peptide immunoreactivity index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; hs‐CRP, highly‐sensitive C‐reactive protein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; u‐Alb/Cr, urine albumin/creatinine ratio.